Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A NEW BEGINNING
R 2
X L
2
Z 2
Ohm's Law
R=ρL/A
Resistivity (Ohm-cm)
Conductivity (mho or % IACS)
Ohm's Law
Faraday Law
Ohm's Law
Faraday Law
Є emf= NΔφ
Δt
Єemf=Induced emf
N= Number of Turns
Δφ= Change in Flux
Ohm's Law
Faraday Law
Faraday Law
Lenz’s Law
Biot Savart’s
Law
Coils Coils
AC
Coils
Coils Coils
Magnetic Field
From Test Coil
Magnetic Field
From
Eddy Currents
Crack
Eddy Currents
Depth of Penetration & Skin Effect
• δ = 50 ……ρ ….
μr f
Effect Of Frequency
Effect of conductivity
Effect of Permeability
Standard Depth
of
Depth
Depth
Penetration
(Skin Depth)
1/e or 37 %
of surface density
Eddy Current Density Eddy Current Density
High Frequency Low Frequency
High Conductivity Low Conductivity
High Permeability Low Permeability
Discontinuities
• Different techniques
can be used to avoid
edge effect
Inductive Coupling
Lift Off and Fill Factor
Internal
Probe
Mode of 0peration
Absolute Differential
Sensitive to both sudden and Not Sensitive gradual changes
gradual changes in properties. in properties
Easy to interpret Difficult to interpret
Show total length of long flaws Detect only ends of long flaws
Multi-Freq Equipments
Calibration Standards
Testing Procedure
• Balance on sound portion
• Set Sensitivity (Drive Level & Gain)
• Set Frequencies
• Draw Calibration Curve
• Take signal with constant speed
• Note Phase lag and amplitude for each
indication
Effect of frequency on
signal
Effect of Frequency
44khz 22khz
5khz
Wobble Dent
Correct Speed
High Speed
Signal Filtering
10% OD
shown 36%
OD
Defect Sizing
60% changed
80% OD to 78% near
support
60% OD
Support
60% OD
80% OD
Defect Sizing
Wrong Indications
RFT Theory
RFT Zones
RFT Signals
Effect of Support plate
Tube Inspection
Depth Curve
Shielding Effect
Magnet
Non
Magnetic
Strip