Symbolic Language

*It is free of linguistic defects *Arguments are formulated with precision *Helps to accomplish some intellectual tasks without having to think too much *Helps to attain the central aim of deductive logic: to discriminate valid arguments from invalid arguments.

The Value of Symbolic Language

0 statements

SIMPLE

STATEMENT
one that does not contain any other statement as a component

1.A warrantless arrest is invalid. W 2.Genosa is suffering from a battered woman syndrome. G 3.Saluting the flag is a form of idolatry. I

2
STATEMENTS
One that does contain another statement as a component

Either the warrantless arrest is valid because it is among the exemption or it is invalid because it is not among the exemption Genosa is suffering from a battered woman syndrome and she killed her husband. If saluting the flag is a form of idolatry then Jehovahs Witnesses are not compelled to salute the flag.

compound statements

1
Compound sentences formed by the use of the sentence connective and

conjuncts

The Manila ordinance is an invalid exercise of police power and the ordinance violates the right to privacy and the freedom of movement.
conjuncts
dot

and

P.F

What are not considered conjunction

1. Terms or phrases which were merely connected by the connector and

Prohibition and regulation are two different ordinance

The Manila ordinance is null and void

The responsibility of inculcating the values of patriotism, nationalism, good citizenship, and moral uprightness is a responsibility shared by the State with parents and other societal institutions such as religious sects and denominations. (ROEL EBRALINAG vs. THE DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS OF CEBU, G.R. No. 95770 December 29, 1995)

2. The temporal use of and

After their meeting with Atienza and other NHA officials, petitioner and his companions were met and interviewed by newspaper reporters at the NHA compound concerning their complaint. (RODOLFO R. VASQUEZ vs. COURT OF APPEALS; G.R. No. 118971 September 15, 1999)

What are the other forms of conjunctions

Compound statement connected by but, however, yet, on the other hand, still, although, and despite the fact that, are correctly symbolized by the dot when they are used to join two sentences together to form a larger compound sentence

1. The MMDA and DENR are obliged to clean the Manila Bay 2. Genosa was suffering from a battered woman syndrome but she was not acquitted. 3. However, Jehovahs Witnesses are not required to salute the flag. 4. The saluting of the flag is obligatory and Jehovahs Witnesses believe that it is a form of idolatry.

p.q
A conjunction is true if both conjuncts are true; otherwise it is false.

p True (T) True (T) False (F) False (F)

q True (T) False (F) True (T) False (F)

p.q True (T) False (F) False (F) False (F)

negation
It is a sentence whose main connective is ~, not, no or similar term

The Regalian doctrine extends not only to land but also to "all natural wealth that may be found in the bowels of the earth.
(LA BUGAL-B'LAAN TRIBAL ASSOCIATION, INC. vs VICTOR O. RAMOS, SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR), G.R. No. 127882, January 27, 2004)

tilde

~R

A negation is false if the sentence being negated is true, and true if the sentence being negated is false

~p
p True (T) False (F) ~p False (F) True (T)

2
It is a compound sentence whose main connective is an or

In any event, the Lambino Group's signature sheets do not contain the full text of the proposed changes, either on the face of the signature sheets,

or as attachment with an indication in the signature sheet of such attachment.

(RAUL L. LAMBINO vs THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, G.R. No. 174153 October 25, 2006)

wedge

DISJUNCTS

FvA

two senses of disjunction

It is a complex sentence in logic that is true when either or both of its constituent propositions are true
There is nothing either in the Constitution or in the Judiciary Act requiring the vote of eight Justices to nullify a rule or regulation or an executive order issued by the President.
(JOSUE JAVELLANA vs THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE, THE SECRETARY OF JUSTICE AND THE SECRETARY OF FINANCE, G.R. No. L-36142 March 31, 1973)

It is a compound proposition in logic that is true when one and only one of its constituent statements is true
In any event, the Lambino Group's signature sheets do not contain the full text of the proposed changes, either on the face of the signature sheets, or as attachment with an indication in the signature sheet of such attachment. (RAUL L. LAMBINO vs THE
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, G.R. No. 174153 October 25, 2006)

the common meaning of the two senses of disjunction

at least one of the disjuncts is true

A disjunction is false if both disjuncts are false; otherwise it is true.

pvq
p True (T) True (T) False (F) False (F) q True (T) False (F) True (T) False (F) pvq True (T) True (T) True (T) False (F)

3
Where two statements are combined by placing the word if before the first and inserting the word then between them, the resulting compound statement is conditional

antecedent If, after hearing, the judge determines that a constitutional right of the petitioner is being violated, then he orders the official, or the officials superiors, to cease the violation and to take the necessary measures to restore the petitioner to the full enjoyment of the right in question.
(THE SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE, THE CHIEF OF STAFF, ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. RAYMOND MANALO and REYNALDO MANALO, G.R. No. 180906 October 7, 2008)

consequent

horseshoe

VO

the different senses of conditional statement

Logical Implication
Implication by definition Causal Implication

Implication by decision

Logical Implication - where the consequent follows logically from its antecedent. If the applicant for a search warrant has competent evidence to establish probable cause of the commission of a given crime by the party against whom the warrant is intended, then there is no reason why the applicant should not comply with the requirements of the fundamental law.
(HARRY S. STONEHILL, ROBERT P. BROOKS, JOHN J. BROOKS and KARL BECK vs. HON. JOSE W. DIOKNO, G.R. No. L-19550 June 19, 1967

Implication by definition
where the consequent follows from its antecedent by the very definition of the term used in the antecedent.

If she undergone 2 cycles of battering then she is a battered woman.

Causal Implication
where the consequent follows from its antecedent due to its causal relation to the antecedent If the Lambino group violated Section 2, Article XVII of the 1987 Constitution then their petition to amend the constitution shall not be granted.

Implication by decision
where the statement reports a decision of the speaker to behave in the specified way under the specified circumstances

If the battered woman syndrome is an exempting circumstance then I will kill my husband now.

the commonality of the four senses

What makes a conditional statement false

It is when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false

A conditional statement is false if it has a true antecedent and a false consequent; otherwise it is true

pq p True (T) True (T) False (F) False (F) q True (T) False (F) True (T) False (F) pq True (T) False (F) True (T) True (T)

STATEMENT

BICONDITIONAL

Compound statements which are true only if two statements having the same truth value were joined together

An ordinance is valid if, and only if, the ordinance merely regulate trade. triple bar

OR

A Material Biconditional is true if both component sentences have the same truth value; otherwise it is false

pq
p True (T) True (T) False (F) False (F) q True (T) False (F) True (T) False (F) pq True (T) False (F) False (F) True (T)

Argument Forms and Arguments

What is a statement variable?
It is simply a letter for which, or in place of which, a statement may be substituted

What is an argument form?

It is an array of symbols containing statement variables but not statement, such that when statements are substituted for the statement variables the same statement being substituted for same statement variable throughout the result is an argument

What is substitution instance?

It is any argument that results from the substitution of statements for statement variables in an argument form

Argument form

p.q
variable

A.B
Substitution Instance

When is an argument valid/invalid?

An argument form is invalid if and only if it has at least one substitution instance with true premisses and a false conclusion An argument form is valid if and only if it has no substitution instance with true premisses and a false conclusion

testing the validity of an argument

refutation by logical analogy and truth table test

refutation by logical analogy It is a method of proving the invalidity of an argument by formulating another argument that has exactly the same form as the first and has true premisses and false conclusion

If Marivic Genosa is suffering from a Battered Woman Syndromes, then she is not criminally liable for the death of her husband. She is not criminally liable for the death of her husband. Therefore, Marivic Genosa is suffering from a Battered Woman Syndromes

If she is a member of the Jehovahs Witnesses then she is not saluting the flag. She is not saluting the flag. Therefore, she is a member of the Jehovahs Witnesses

Truth Table Test

If Marivic Genosa is suffering from a Battered Woman Syndromes, then she is not criminally liable for the death of her husband. She is not criminally liable for the death of her husband. Therefore, Marivic Genosa is suffering from a Battered Woman Syndromes

MC C M

pq q p

p T T F F

q T F T F

pq T F T T

1. M C ~M ~C 2. (D v E) . ~F DvE 3. U (V v W) (V . W) ~U) ~U

What is tautologous statement? A tautologous statement has only true substitution instances
Example: p v ~p

What is a contradictory statement? A contradictory statement has only false substitution instances
Example: p . ~p

What is a contingent statement? A contingent statement has both false and true substitution instances
Example: p . q

The Three Laws of Thought

What is the principle of identity? The principle of identity asserts that if any statement is true, then it is true. Every statement of the form p p must be true, that every such statement is a tautology What is the principle of noncontradiction? The principle of noncontradiction asserts that no statement can be both true and false. Every statement of the form p . ~p must be false, that every statement is self-contradictory What is the principle of excluded middle? The principle asserts that every statement is either true or false Every statement of the form p v ~p must be true, that every statement is tautology