Yangon, in the Context of Urbanization Process in Myanmar Trends, Problems & Future

Myitkyina

Maungywa Lashio Haka

Sagaing

Mandalay
Myingyan Taunggyi Meiktila Sitwe Magwe Pyinmana Loikaw

Pyi

Hinthada

Bago

Pa-an Pathein Mawlamyaing

Yangon

ANDAMAN SEA

Myeik

Main Poles States/Division Capitals Administrative centre Secondary potential centrestowns

Gist of presentation
1. 2. 3. Yangon in Myanmar context Population & Housing The Infrastructure (Water, electricity, drains & waste disposal systems) 4. Transportation, Traffic Congestion, Road Network and Environmental Pollution 5. Employment & Industries 6. Problem of CBD & its location 7. Heritage Conservation & City Character 8. The Future Scenarios & Urbanization pattern 9. Legal & Institutional Set-up 10. The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning & Urban Development

Urban Centres over 150 000 population in 2004

Urban population 2004 (Lakhs)
50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00

43.17

Urban population 2004 (Lakhs)

20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00

8.75

2.61

2.35

2.06

1.70

1.53

Urban Population formation, (Total urban population in

2004 is 15.4 million)

Yangon, 4.32, 28%

Other Urban Centres, 7.79, 51% All Towns Over 150 000 (Excluding Yangon), 3.29, 21%

Population & Housing

Population & Housing

Yangon in 2012 has around 5.1 mill. Population, 1.2 mill. households, amounting to 4.2 persons per Household 1.02 mill. housing units, indicating that 15 % of households are sharing dwelling units with others There are 6261 Housing Units, 6332 Households living in squatters, indicating 0.9% of population living in squatters Shelter-less people have are not officially registered

Decadal Population Growth Rates of Yangon (Annual %)

4.00

3.50
3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00

3.40 % 2.61 %
1.99 %

1983-93

1993-2003

2003-2013

Decadal Population Growth Rates of Yangon (Annual %)

16.00

Population Estimate for Yangon city area

13.89 10.37
10.89

14.00

12.00

Mill. Population

10.00

7.74
8.64

8.00

6.86
6.00

5.44
4.00

3.01
2.03

4.21

2.00

0.00

Y1973

Y1983

Y1993

Y2003

Y2013

Y2023

Y2033

Y2043

Decadal Population with 2 Scenarios

Yangon Population Estimate with 2.6% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.) Yangon Decadal Population Estimate with 3.3% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.)

Challenges of Yangon Housing Sector

Yangon population is increasing with around 2.6 % annually Meaning around 130 000 people, needing around 30 000 Housing Units to be constructed yearly In reality, around average 7200 Housing Units yearly were constructed between 2009 to 2010 yearly

Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector

Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector In the last 20 years, inhumane housing units were built in thousands
These residential areas had no: Childrens playground No Car Parking No Proper waste disposal systems
Above all: no proper building distances and too high FAI

Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector (Inhumane dwellings of the last 2 decades)

Challenges of Yangon in Housing Sector (Inhumane dwellings of the last 2 decades)

Housing Estate Developed in 1996

Walk-up apartments 8 storey

In General built without any Planning at all

Present Endeavours in Housing Sector

Development of planned and affordable Housing Estates for lower middle and middle income groups To Develop Housing Financing Mechanism (Partial saving of the people, and gradual repayment)

Improved Bo Min Yaung Housing Estate with green areas & parking (approved, soil-testing)

Improved Bo Min Yaung Housing Estate with green & play areas (approved, soil-testing)

Yangon water supply system

(Infrastructure)Yangon water supply system

YCDC supplies with 160 mill. Gallons (730 mill. Litres) daily. Mainly from 4 reservoirs, Hlawga, Gyobyu, Pygyi, Ngamoe Yeik But also from Nyaung Hne Pin, The Pyu, & Yangon Pauk in the south of Dala

160 mill. Gallons daily should be enough for 5 mill. population, however there are large wastage, so that only 65% of the population enjoys YCDC water

Water supply network Yangon

N

m & ;wpf 0g

k 'H vm r *F

To N aun gD

on

Sewage & Waster water system

Yangon from a distance

(Infrastructure) Waste Water Disposal

No Latrine 0.3% Common Sewerage System 7%

Conventional Unsanitary Latrine 28%

Septic Tank System 19%

Fly Proof Latrines 18%

Pour Flush System 28%

Sanitary systems in YCDC area in 2002 (from U Thein Min, YCDC)

The garbage usually block the drains

Many challenges to keep the environment clean

Electricity

Danger 10 000 Volts

(Infrastructure) Electricity
YCDC receives 700 Megawatt (Ministry of Electric Energy, Jan.
2012)

Amounting to 140 Watts per person on the average However large unaccounted energy

Ministry promised to increase supply up to 1000 Megawatt by 2015

Traffic & Transport

(Infrastructure) Road Network and Traffic

Average driving speed, partially outside CBD & partially in CBD, is between 15 to 18 miles/ hr (23 to 30 km/hr. )

There are around 280 000 vehicles in YCDC area, amounting to 900 vehicles / sq. ml. (340 vehicles/sq.km)

Vehicles in Yangon, increase in the recent years

0.30
0.28 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.24

0.25

0.20
Vehicles (Lakhs)

0.18

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
Y 2007 Y 2008 Y 2009 Y 2010 Y 2011 Y 2012 (June)

Years Total Vehicles in Yangon (million)

1400 1200 1000

1169

in numbers

864

800 600 400 200 0

795

206

175

208

Y2009
Deathly accidents

Y2010
Years

Y2011

Total acidents in YCDC

Deathly accidents comparison in ASEAN countries (Worlds average is 93) (Source: WHO report)
Deathly Accidents /100 000 vehicles / year
1400
1,238.50

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

19.8 30.4 210.4 36.5 67.30 118.8 606.1 871.4

Deathly Accidents /100 000 vehicles / year

Public Transport
Estimated about 4 million trips per day, using public transport Out of which barely 1 % is taken over by train transport

Road network, traffic congestion, not yet serious, but it is coming

Car Density Comparison in Selected ASEAN Cities

3500.0

3096.0
3000.0

2702.7
2500.0

2147.1
2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

361.1

0.0

Yangon

Bangkok* Car density (Cars /Sq.Km)

Jakarta

Manila

Source: Calculated based on:- 1. Traffic and Car Accident Statistics for Thailand,(www.thaiwebsites.com/caraccidents.asp)
downloaded on 24th June 2011 2. The Jakarta Post, (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/12/22/stuck-jakarta-trafficis-gridlock-coming-early.html) Friday 24Th June 2011 3. Metro Manila, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila) Read on 24th June, 2011 4. New Light of Myanmar (September 22, 2009) via Ma Khine Kywe San, M.Arch.Thesis, Thanlwin GTU, December 2009 Notes: *Bangkok means Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok Metropolitan Area)

Immediate Actions of YCDC to improve infrastructure situation 1. Water supply, (To cover deprived areas, to explore more water resources, improvement of piping system, reduce unaccounted water, now assisted by JICA) 2. Improvement of sewage and drainage situation, and pilot project to improve Kandawgyi Lake, assisted by JICA) 3. Fly-overs at important junctions, under construction

Present Endeavours of YCDC to improve infrastructure situation 1. Improvement and extension of circular rail-system 2. Creating parking facilities at the entrance of CBD (Working together with Railway Ministry)

& nf nT ef ;cs uf
v uf & S & d ef uk ef N rd K awm Y pn f f yi f om , m a& ; au m r wD f e, f ed rd wf wH wm ;ae& m rs m ; t qd k jyK Mono-Rail

Employment & Industries

Employment & Industries (under study)

Employment in Mill.
Tertiary, Irregular Employment 0.70 33%

Secondary Sector 0.40 19% Primary Sector 0.20 10%

Tertiary Sector 0.80 38%

Employment & Industries

Endeavours to improve employment situation 1. Many enterprises are still under study 2. The development of Special Economic Zone at Thilawa might create more job opportunities in the industrial sector 3. The increase electric supply might create more job opportunities in the industrial sector

Problem of CBD & its location (Imbalanced landuse pattern)

1.Ahlone 2.Botataung 3.Kyaktada 4.Lanmadaw 5.Latha 6.Pabedan 7.Seikan

6% of Yangons population live on 1 % of citys area

Travelling speed in CBD is sometimes 6 miles (9.5 km) per hour

Traffic congestion in CBD

A secondary Centre with 150 acres (ca 60 Ha) is dly n being planned Ma w/
To Na yi D yP a

Present YCDC boundary Approx. 230 sq. miles / 597 sq. km

To N a

Possible Secondary Center

ung

Don

0 mile 0 km 5

5 10

10 15 20 km

15 mile
M.Aca.

Portion of secondary centre

Portion of secondary centre

Issue of Heritage conservation

Shwe Dagon Pagoda

OLD VISUAL AXIS, GYA TAW YA ROAD

WHERE IS THE PAGODA ?

LOST VISUAL AXIS TO SHWEDAGONE FROM HNIN ZI GON

CULTURAL HERITAGE,VISUAL SUPREMACY

THERE ARE SOME ACHIEVEMTS

Since about 2011 there were some measures adopted by YCDC

Since about 2011 some zoning regulations were adopted by YCDC

Concerning the architectural conservation, YCDC has officially earmarked 189 buildings

CBD Conservation zone

The recommended tasks for Yangon city and urbanization pattern of Myanmar Expansion & reorganization of the city Transportation & road network improvement Infrastructure improvement in general Country-wide urban planning & development Reconsidering the polar systems

Changes in Land:Man Ration in Myanmar

45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 26.36 25.00 21.19 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Rural population (mill) Total agricultural land (mill. acres) 14.93 38.92

1953 14.93 21.19

1963 18.10 23.91

1973 21.94 24.58

1983 26.61 25.28

1993 32.26 24.83

2003 38.92 26.36

16.00

Population Estimate for Yangon city area

13.89 10.37
10.89

14.00

12.00

Mill. Population

10.00

7.74
8.64

8.00

6.86
6.00

5.44
4.00

3.01
2.03

4.21

2.00

0.00

Y1973

Y1983

Y1993

Y2003

Y2013

Y2023

Y2033

Y2043

Decadal Population with 2 Scenarios

Yangon Population Estimate with 2.6% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.) Yangon Decadal Population Estimate with 3.3% Annual Growth Rate (Mill.)

Expansion & reorganization of the city

Basic Idea of Yangons Future

Ring roads Rxpress Road + Rail
Present YCDC boundary Approx. 230 sq. miles / 597 sq. km

To N a

Possible Secondary Center

ung

Don

Possible Extension Areas

M.Aca.

Possible Extension Areas

Possible Extension Areas

Special Economic Zone

0 mile 0 km
Kyaik Hmaw Wun Pagoda

5 5 10

10 15 20 km

15 mile

Areas of selected ASEAN cities (sq.km)

1800.0 1600.0 1400.0 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0

1569.0

792.5

740.0 646.0

809.2

Yangon (YCDC Bangkok (BMA Jakarta (2010) Manila (NCR in Ho Chi Minh 2010) 2010) 2007) City (2009) Metropolitan area (sq.km)

Population densities in selected ASEAN cities (persons /Sq.km)

20000.00 18000.00 16000.00 14000.00 12000.00 10000.00 8000.00 6000.00 4000.00 2000.00

17884.56 12945.95 8851.62 7066.25 7151.75 1943.37 Yangon Bangkok (YCDC 2010) (BMA 2010) Jakarta (2010) Manila (NCR Ho Chi Minh Hanoi (2009) in 2007) City (2009)

0.00

Population densities (persons /Sq.km)

In case of Yangon

1974-81 Sq.Ml. IN 1995-228.9 Sq.Ml.

33.2-Sq.Ml. in 1950

Changes in Land: man Ratio in Myanmar

vleJUajrtcsdK;tpm;ajymif;vJyHk
Changes in Land:Man Ration in Myanmar
45.00
40.00 35.00 30.00 26.36 25.00 21.19 38.92

20.00
15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Rural population (mill) Total agricultural land (mill. acres) 1953 14.93 21.19 1963 18.10 23.91 1973 21.94 24.58 1983 26.61 25.28 1993 32.26 24.83 2003 38.92 26.36 14.93

Calculated based on Agricultural statistics Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation & Statistical Yearbook, 2008

Comparison between population in largest city and second largest city in ASEAN countries (as collected from Encarta 2009)
16 14.6 14 12 10.4 10 8.66 8 6 4 2 0 1.4 0.06 0.64 5.8 4.9 4.7 Population in second largest city (mill) Population in Largest city (mill)

1.297

Consideration of northern Thepole Asian highways Two deep sea ports are on the way

ANDAMAN SEA

Main poles

Towns with around 1.5 Lakhs States & Division capitals

The final recommendation is The requirement of Human Settlements Strategy and Plan

Legal & Institutional Framework (Historic Overview)

The 1882 Municipal Act, endowed Rangoon Municipal for Development and Maintenance of the City 1924 Rangoon Development Trust Act. Based on this RDT Act, RDT was responsible for planning & Development of Yangon, whereas Rangoon Municipal Corporation, was responsible for city maintenance.

Legal Framework
YCDC Law of 1990 empowers YCDC to exercise the rights to plan and development Yangon City Paragraph 188, Table 2 of 2008 Constitution, empowers the State & Division Governments to promulgate laws concerning Municipal, Housing, & Human settlement Development and the excution of these laws There is no Town Planning Law promulgated which is valid for the whole country, There is Land Acquisition Act, which enables to acquire land for the public interest

Institutional Framework Based on historic legal and institutional framework, The Department of Human Settlements still manages some Housing Estates and some areas YCDC has established Urban Planning Unit with final manpower of 100, presently engaged with around 40 technical staff

Legal Framework
There are no legally binding Zoning Bylaws YCDC adopts with some heritage areas with height-limits, but these can sometimes be overruled by higher authorities YCDC is responsible for Building Permits, but some government agencies and some companies do not submit applications to YCDC and go ahead with construction

The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning & Urban Development

Not exactly defined procedures and Institutional Setup, leading to Strong Departmentalism and Parallel Activities

Departmentalism and Parallel Activity

Yangon City Development Concept and Possible Extension Areas
and /M ly
Yangon City Development Committee

Y.C.D.C

To

Na

aw yi D yP

Possible Secondary Center

Kayan

To N a

ung

Dom e
c c

PROPOSED PHASE 1
R I

Extension Areas
R R
c c c

R R
c c
PO
Thongwa

R R R

R
M.Aca.

I I I

R R PROPOSED PHASE 2

RT
Kyaik Hmaw Wun Pagoda

I I

Kungyangon

Legend
Commercial Residential

Industrial Main roads Express motor ways Rails

0 mile 0 km 5

5 10

10 15 20 km

15 mile

The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning & Urban Development

Many areas belonging to various ministries cannot be utilized properly, leading to Large vacant areas and not fully utilized, also due to Departmentalism and Parallel Activity

In general lack of coordination

The Urgent Difficulties in Urban Planning & Urban Development

Lack of personal in urban planning Lack of personal in infrastructure planning Lack of manpower in general Decision makers rarely consider specialists opinions

Brief Recommendation from an old man to all Government Agencies

Cooperate, work together Leave behind Departmentalism

The End