Chapter 4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Aqueous Reactions

Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. A nonelectrolyte may dissolve in water, but it does not dissociate into ions when it does so.
Aqueous Reactions

Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

Soluble ionic compounds tend to be electrolytes.

Aqueous Reactions

Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

olecular compounds tend to be nonelectrolytes, e!cept "or acids and bases.

Aqueous Reactions

Electrolytes
A stron# electrolyte dissociates completely when dissolved in water. A wea$ electrolyte only dissociates partially when dissolved in water.
Aqueous Reactions

Stron# Electrolytes Are%

Stron# acids Stron# bases Soluble ionic salts

Aqueous Reactions

&recipitation Reactions
'hen one mi!es ions that "orm compounds that are insoluble (as could be predicted by the solubility #uidelines), a precipitate is "ormed.

Aqueous Reactions

etathesis (E!chan#e) Reactions

etathesis comes "rom a *ree$ word that means +to transpose, -t appears the ions in the reactant compounds e!chan#e, or transpose, ions

A#N./ (aq) 0 1Cl (aq) A#Cl (s) 0 1N./ (aq)

Aqueous Reactions

olecular Equation
2he molecular equation lists the reactants and products in their molecular "orm.

A#N./ (aq) 0 1Cl (aq) A#Cl (s) 0 1N./ (aq)

Aqueous Reactions

Net -onic Equation

2o "orm the net ionic equation, cross out anythin# that does not chan#e "rom the le"t side o" the equation to the ri#ht. 2he only thin#s le"t in the equation are those thin#s that chan#e (i.e., react) durin# the course o" the reaction. 2hose thin#s that didn3t chan#e (and were deleted "rom the net ionic equation) are called spectator ions. A#0(aq) 0 N./4(aq) 0 10(aq) 0 Cl4(aq) A#Cl (s) 0 10(aq) 0 N./ (aq)
4
Aqueous Reactions

'ritin# Net -onic Equations

5. 'rite a balanced molecular equation. 6. 7issociate all stron# electrolytes. /. Cross out anythin# that remains unchan#ed "rom the le"t side to the ri#ht side o" the equation. 4. 'rite the net ionic equation with the species that remain.
Aqueous Reactions

Acids
2here are only seven stron# acids8
9ydrochloric (9Cl) 9ydrobromic (9:r) 9ydroiodic (9-) Nitric (9N./) Sul"uric (96S.4) Chloric (9Cl./) &erchloric (9Cl.4)
Aqueous Reactions

:ases
2he stron# bases are the soluble salts o" hydro!ide ion8
Al$ali metals Calcium Strontium :arium

Aqueous Reactions

Neutrali;ation Reactions
'hen a stron# acid reacts with a stron# base, the net ionic equation is% 9Cl (aq) 0 Na.9 (aq) NaCl (aq) 0 96. (l) 90 (aq) 0 Cl4 (aq) 0 Na0 (aq) 0 .94(aq) Na0 (aq) 0 Cl4 (aq) 0 96. (l) 90 (aq) 0 Cl4 (aq) 0 Na0 (aq) 0 .94 (aq) Na0 (aq) 0 Cl4 (aq) 0 96. (l)

Aqueous Reactions

Neutrali;ation Reactions
.bserve the reaction between il$ o" a#nesia, #(.9)6, and 9Cl.

Aqueous Reactions

.!idation4Reduction Reactions
An o!idation occurs when an atom or ion loses electrons. A reduction occurs when an atom or ion gains electrons.

Aqueous Reactions

.!idation4Reduction Reactions

.ne cannot occur without the other.

Aqueous Reactions

.!idation Numbers
2o determine i" an o!idation4reduction reaction has occurred, we assi#n an o!idation number to each element in a neutral compound or char#ed entity.

Aqueous Reactions

.!idation Numbers
Elements in their elemental "orm have an o!idation number o" <. 2he o!idation number o" a monatomic ion is the same as its char#e.

Aqueous Reactions

.!idation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have ne#ative o!idation numbers, althou#h some are positive in certain compounds or ions.
.!y#en has an o!idation number o" =6, e!cept in the pero!ide ion in which it has an o!idation number o" =5. 9ydro#en is =5 when bonded to a metal, 05 when bonded to a nonmetal.
Aqueous Reactions

.!idation Numbers
Nonmetals tend to have ne#ative o!idation numbers, althou#h some are positive in certain compounds or ions.
>luorine always has an o!idation number o" =5. 2he other halo#ens have an o!idation number o" =5 when they are ne#ative? they can have positive o!idation numbers, Aqueous however, most notably in o!yanions.

Reactions

.!idation Numbers
2he sum o" the o!idation numbers in a neutral compound is <. 2he sum o" the o!idation numbers in a polyatomic ion is the char#e on the ion.

Aqueous Reactions

7isplacement Reactions

-n this reaction, silver ions o!idi;e copper metal. Cu (s) 0 6 A#0 (aq) Cu60 (aq) 0 6 A# (s)
Aqueous Reactions

7isplacement Reactions

2he reverse reaction, however, does not occur.

! Cu (s) 0 6 A#0 (aq) Cu60 (aq) 0 6 A# (s)

Aqueous Reactions

Activity Series

Aqueous Reactions

olarity
2wo solutions can contain the same compounds but be quite di""erent because the proportions o" those compounds are di""erent. olarity is one way to measure the concentration o" a solution.

moles o" solute olarity (M) @ volume o" solution in liters

Aqueous Reactions

Asin# olarities in Stoichiometric Calculations

Aqueous Reactions

2itration
2he analytical technique in which one can calculate the concentration o" a solute in a solution.

Aqueous Reactions

2itration

Aqueous Reactions