Carbon chip:To overcome the defects of silicon chip.

by:
M. sai kiran V.sai manognya. [VITAE]

Contents: Introduction. what is a carbon chip? what is a carbon nanotube. how nanotechnology works? carbon transistors. advantages & disadvantages. conclusion.

Introduction: Electronics without silicon is unbelievable,but it comes true with the evolution of carbon chip. Now a days we are using silicon as manufacturing material for electronic components.

But it has many disadvantages when used in power electronic applications like bulky size,slow operating speeds,less performance etc., By using carbon as a manufacturing material,we can achieve smaller faster and stronger chips.

Carbon,which sits just above siicon in the periodic table belonging to same group,can surpass silicons ability in terms of superconductivity,stability,very high performance etc.

What is a carbon chip?

Its nothing but an electronic DIAMOND CHIP,manufactured on diamond structural carbon wafer. Developed first by NTT in japan.

Diamond as a semiconductor: Diamond is a electrical insulator,but can be made conducting by doping with certain impurities.

Boronp-type doping element.

Nitrogenn-type doping element. After doping diamond acts as a semiconductor. But this process takes much time as it is very hard to diffuse through through strongly bonded diamond atom unlike silicon.

Differences:carbon
Works at higher temperatures[500c.] Resists at very high voltage of upto 200v. Performance upto 81Ghz can be achieved.

silicon
Works only upto 150c.

Resists upto 20v,its structure collapses beyond that voltage. Only upto 10Ghz.

Uses nanotechnology to form CNTS

Doesnt uses

What is a CNT?
Its a nano size cylinder of carbon atoms,discovered in 1991.

They are made of one or more several concentric walls in which carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal pettern.
These measure several tens of microns in length and less than few nanometres in diameter.

Types of CNTS:Single walled CNTS. Multi walled CNTS

Structures of CNT:
zero-dimensional carbon60-atom, hollow spheres of carbon called fullerenes,could answer silicon's inability to attain high-temperature superconductivity. Three-dimensional carbonatom offers 10 times the heat dissipation as well as elctron mobility of silicon

Properties of CNTS: These are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength of 63Gpa and elastic module. Temperature stability can be estimated upto 2800c in vaccume and 750c in air. These are good thermal conductors exhibiting Ballistic conduction.

Applications of CNTS: The joining of two CNTS with different electrical properties produces a DIODE.

CNT based ultra capacitors have high energy density an capacitance upto 5000farads.
CNT based transistors work at room temperature and are capable of fast digital switching using single electron. CNT sponge can filter any toxic sludge in water which is a HYDROPHOBIC.

How nanotechnology works?

Imagine a sheet of carbon atoms which would lokk like a sheet of hexagons.

If you roll that sheet into a tube you can get the CNT.
Those properties depend on type of rolling.

Carbon transistors: These are less than one-quarter the size of tiniest silicon ones,having 1/10th of nanometer thickness. Made of graphene which is a sheet of carbon atoms in a flat honeycomb arrangement. Graphene conducts electricity faster as electrons travel in straight line without being scattered consuming less power.

 The carbon nanotube forms the core of a transistor device that will work in a fashion similar to the current silicon transistor, but will be better performing.
They could be used to replace the transistors in chips that power our data-crunching servers, high performing computers and ultra fast smart phones.

 Place a piece of graphene on top of silicon and this is positioned over a metallic grate.

When acid is used,it dissolves silicon leaving graphene suspended across 500nm gap.
A transmission electron microscope then revealed that it is covered in tiny ripples which keep the material stable. These ripples extend about 1nm up and down and are across 25nm which are not flat at all.

 How carbon transistors are made?

CNTFET CNT solution

SUBSTRATE made by sio2&hfo2

si02

Substrate dipped in CNT solution.

CNTs attach via chemical bond to Hfo2 substrate.

Final carbon transistor:

Advantages: Smaller components are possible:

As size of carbon is small when compared to silicon,we can etch very smaller lines through diamond structure.we can realise a trasistor whose size is one in hundredth of a silicon transistor.

Works at high temperature:Diamond is very good conductor of heat so if there is any heat dissipation,heat is directly transferred to heat sink.

 Faster than silicon chip:Mobility of electrons is high in carbon as electrons donot collide and travel at high speeds unlike silicon.

Large power handling capacity:At very high power silicon structure collapses unlike diamond which has a strongly bonded crystal structure. We can connect high circuit directly to carbon chip.

Disadvantages: Toxicity- Parameters such as structure, size distribution, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge as well as purity of the samples, have considerable impact on the reactivity of carbon nanotubes, which suggests that, if raw materials reach the organs, they can induce harmful effects such as inflammatory and fibrotic reactions.

Under certain conditions CNTs can enter human cells and accumulate in the cytoplasm, causing cell death.

Conclusion : Though cabon chip replaces the need of silicon in every aspects of future technology which is of considerable importance, because research and business communities continue to invest heavily in carbon nanotubes for a wide range of products under the assumption that they are no more hazardous than graphite. Our results suggest there is a need for further research and great caution before introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided