Energy Resources

Energy
Needs and sources Energy consumption Renewable and non renewable energy sources

Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable sources of energy or flow sources, rely on natural energy flows and sources in the environment and thus have the potential of being continually replenished. These include firewood, petroplants, animal dung, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc.

Non-renewable Energy Sources

Non-renewable energy sources are available in limited amount and develop over a longer period. Because of indiscriminate use they are likely to be exhausted in the near future. These include coal, mineral oil, natural gas, nuclear power, etc.

Human being and the natural world are on collision course. We must move away from fossil fuels to cut green house gas emission

The Story of Women Headloaders

11 million women headloaders in India Collect and sell fuelwood US$ 60 billion business Most of the money goes to middlemen Considered a threat to forests, but their story is different Energy in India used by house holds (47% from firewood, 17 % animal dung, 12% from crop residue,) Providing fuelwood for the poor is a challenge

Forest guard to head loader: You are anti-environment. Pay me something

With increasing population demand for fuelwood keeps going up Availability is going down Challenge is to provide sufficient energy for poor without degrading environment

Is there global crisis? There is huge disparity in the needs, availability, and consumption of energy between rich and the poor of the world. 25% of global population in industrialized counties using 70% of energy resources. In US oil is playing major role for energy In India fuelwood is playing major role for energy

Our Energy Needs

Transportation (24%) Private car, bikes and buses, rail, air Buildings Electricity demand Industry (40%) Domestic (30%) Agriculture (6%)

US population 4.6%--------- Energy consumption 24%

Energy consumption per capita: US 100 units Danish 45 units Japanese 30 units India just 2 units 92% of energy used in US comes from non-renewable fossil fuels, release huge volume of emission. There ecological footprint is very high India, china want to be same

Fossil Fuels (non-renewable energy source)

Coal, oil, natural gas Remains of organisms that lived 200-500 million years ago Finite in quantity, non-renewable Drilling began around 1850 Now our rate of oil consumption is extremely high. We are clearly on an unsustainable path.

Production and Consumption of Fossil Fuels in India

Table 8.2 Production and Consumption of Fossil Fuels in India (2009 Data) Fossil fuel Production Consumption Crude oil 680,000 barrels/day 3 million barrels/day Natural gas 1.4 trillion cu.ft 1.8 trillion cu.ft Coal 610 million tons 680 million tons

Table 8.1 Global Consumption of Energy by Fuel

Energy source Non-renewable sources Oil Coal Natural gas Nuclear Non-renewables Total Renewable sources Biomass (mainly wood) Solar, wind, hydro and geothermal power Renewables Total Total 32 21 23 6 82 Percentage of total energy Sub-total Percentage

11 7 100 18 100

Environmental Costs of Using Oil

Air pollution from emissions Damage to ecosystems Carbon dioxide emissions Global warming and climate change Oil spills cause untold damage to the ocean, coastal zones, and marine life

How much oil is left?

USA, USSR, and West Asian regions are major oil producing countries in the world. OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) having 70% oil reserves. Alone Saudi Arabia have 25% of oil reserve About 1.4 to 2.1 trillion barrels, mostly in the Middle East Current world demand is about 24 billion barrels per year and is rising rapidly. Current new discoveries amount to just 12 billion barrels per year and this is declining! No big ones left to discover World oil likely to peak before 2020, Middle East will peak later Prices will then rocket

Coal
Anthracite, bituminous and lignite Used for domestic cooking, industrial heating, and for production of electricity in thermal power plants. About 5% of world coal found in India Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Singrauli, and Godavari valley, and Jharkhand, Orissa, west Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are the coal states of India.

Coal and Natural Gas

Huge coal deposits left (200 years) Mining and use of coal very harmful to the environment
Air pollution Carbon dioxide emissions Radioactive particles released

Natural gas needs pipelines (200-300 years) Russia and Kazakhstan having 40% of gas LPG (propane and butane) It can be an option while we are switching over to renewable resources

Problems with Nuclear Power

High cost of building and decommissioning Technical issues Questionable safety Highly dangerous waste Deadly radioactive wastes

The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (center). Turbine building (lower left). Reactor 3 (center right).

The Chernobyl disaster (Ukrainian Leak in radio active dust caused more than 2 lakhs death

Earthquake in Ocean

Nuclear Accident at Fukushima

Solar water heater on a rooftop

Solar energy
Conversion is done by a photo voltaic cell. Which consists two layer of silicon. Light energy strikes on the cell converted into electrical energy Used today in calculators, watches, toys etc. used for traffic signals, lighting, houses, irrigation pumps also Solar water heating

A Wind Farm

Wind Energy
Nagarcoil to Kanyakumari in South INDIA India is now leading player in the wind energy scene At present we are generating about 1,020 MW. The largest wind farm of our country is near Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. It generates 380 MW Globally wind farms produce about 200 GW of energy. Europe plan to generate 10% of its electricity from wind by 2025

Hydrothermal
20 % of world electricity comes from hydropower. We need high dam on a river with a large reservoir. Cost of generation is low, no emission Reservoir can provide water for irrigation fishing

Huge displacement High building cost Tehri town Reduce silt flowing down stream Affects fish migration

Geothermal
There is some places in the world where the surface temperature is sufficiently high to produce steam which is then used to drive turbines and generate electricity. Highly local resource

Biomass-based energy
Organic matter that can directly burnt as a fuel Natural vegetation, animal waste, agricultural residues..etc.. Wood Biofuels Vegetable oil

Hydrogen
Can be used as fuel Large abundance No pollution, no emission Highly explosive Fuel cells

Problems with Renewable Energy

Solar: methods of collection, conversion, and storage of energy and high cost. Wind: Appropriate wind speed, land use, impact on birds, etc. Hydropower: High cost of dams, biodiversity affected, displacement of people, limited life Hydrogen: Energy needed to make hydrogen first

Energy in India
Sixth in the world in total energy consumption Per capita energy consumption is 490 units (kg of oil equivalent)
compared to 8000 units in the US and 1300 units in China

More than 25% of our primary energy needs is met by import of crude oil and natural gas.