Lect19 EEE 202 1

AC Power
Dr. Holbert
April 9, 2008
Lect19 EEE 202 2
Instantaneous Power: p(t)
For AC circuits, the voltage and current are
v(t) = V
M
cos(et+u
v
)
i(t) = I
M
cos(et+u
i
)
The instantaneous power is simply their product
p(t) = v(t) i(t) = V
M
I
M
cos(et+u
v
) cos(et+u
i
)
= V
M
I
M
[cos(u
v
- u
i
) + cos(2et+u
v
+u
i
)]

Constant
Term
Wave of Twice
Original Frequency
Lect19 EEE 202 3
Average Power (P)
Calculate average power (integrate power over
one cycle and divide by period)




Recall that passive sign convention says:
P > 0, power is being absorbed
P < 0, power is being supplied
( ) | | ( ) | |
( )
i v M M
i M v M
T t
t
T t
t
- I V =
dt + t I t V
T
= dt p(t)
T
= P
u u
u e u e
cos
2
1
cos cos
1 1
0
0
0
0
+
} }
+ +
Lect19 EEE 202 4
Average Power: Special Cases
Purely resistive circuit: P = V
M
I
M
The power dissipated in a resistor is


Purely reactive circuit: P = 0
Capacitors and inductors are lossless elements and
absorb no average power
A purely reactive network operates in a mode in
which it stores energy over one part of the period and
releases it over another part
R I =
R
V
= I V = P
M
M
M M
2
2
2
1
2 2
1
Lect19 EEE 202 5
Average Power Summary
Circuit Element Average Power
V or I source
P = V
M
I
M
cos(u
v
- u
i
)
Resistor P = V
M
I
M
= I
M
2
R
Capacitor or
Inductor
P = 0
Does the expression for the resistor power look
identical to that for DC circuits?
Lect19 EEE 202 6
Effective or RMS Values
Root-mean-square value (formula reads
like the name: rms)



For a sinusoid: I
rms
= I
M
/\2
For example, AC household outlets are
around 120 Volts-rms
} }
+ +
= =
T t
t
rms
T t
t
rms
dt t v
T
V and dt t i
T
I
0
0
0
0
) (
1
) (
1
2 2
Lect19 EEE 202 7
Why RMS Values?
The effective/rms current allows us to write
average power expressions like those used in dc
circuits (i.e., P=IR), and that relation is really the
basis for defining the rms value
The average power (P) is
( ) ( )
R I
R
V
I V I V P
I V I V P
rms
rms
rms rms M M resistor
i v rms rms i v M M source
2
2
2
1
cos cos
2
1
= = = =
= = u u u u
Lect19 EEE 202 8
RMS in Everyday Life
When we buy consumer electronics, the
faceplate specifications provide the rms voltage
and current values
For example, what is the rms current for a 1200
Watt hairdryer (although there is a small fan in a
hairdryer, most of the power goes to a resistive
heating element)?
What happens when two hairdryers are turned
on at the same time in the bathroom?
How can I determine which uses more
electricity---a plasma or an LCD HDTV?
Lect19 EEE 202 9
Class Examples
Drill Problems P8-10, P8-11, P8-12
Lect19 EEE 202 10
Extra Slides
Lect19 EEE 202 11
Maximum Average Power Transfer
To obtain the maximum average power transfer
to a load, the load impedance (Z
L
) should be
chosen equal to the complex conjugate of the
Thevenin equivalent impedance representing
the remainder of the network
Z
L
= R
L
+ j
XL
= R
Th
- j X
Th
= Z
Th
*

Lect19 EEE 202 12
Maximum Average Power Transfer
V
oc

+

Z
Th

Z
L

Z
L
= Z
Th
*
Note that ONLY the resistive component of
the load dissipates power
Lect19 EEE 202 13
Max Power Xfer: Cases
Load
Characteristic
Load Equivalent
Complex Z
L
= Z
Th
*
= R
Th
- j X
Th
Purely Resistive
(i.e., X
L
=0)
Further reduces to Z
L
= R
L
=R
Th
for X
Th
=0 (old DC way)
Purely Reactive
(i.e., R
L
=0)
No Average power transfer to
load; Not really a case
2 2
Th Th L L
X + R = R = Z
Lect19 EEE 202 14
Power Factor (pf)
Derivation of power factor (0 s pf s 1)




A low power factor requires more rms current for the
same load power which results in greater utility
transmission losses in the power lines, therefore utilities
penalize customers with a low pf
( )
( ) ( )
L
Z i v
rms rms
i v
rms rms
rms rms
= =
I

V

I

V
=

I

V
P
=
power apparent
power average
= pf
u u u
u u
cos cos
cos

Lect19 EEE 202 15

Power Factor Angle (u
Z
L
)
power factor angle is u
v
- u
i
= u
Z
L
(the phase
angle of the load impedance)
power factor (pf) special cases
purely resistive load: u
Z
L
= 0 pf=1
purely reactive load: u
Z
L
= 90 pf=0
Power Factor Angle I/V Lag/Lead Load Equivalent
-90

<
ZL
< 0

Leading Equivalent RC
0

<
ZL
< 90

Lagging Equivalent RL
Lect19 EEE 202 16
From a Load Perspective
Recall phasor relationships between current,
voltage, and load impedance




The load impedance also has several alternate
expressions
( ) ( ) | |
Z Z
j j u u sin cos ) Im( ) Re( + = + = Z Z Z Z
( ) ( )
Z
Z
Z
Z I V
rms rms
Z i rms v rms
Z i M v M
I V
I V
I V
=
Z Z = Z
Z Z = Z
=
u u u
u u u
2 2
Lect19 EEE 202 17
Power Triangle
The power triangle relates pf angle to P and Q
( )
power ge real/avera
power uadrature reactive/q

P
Q
i v
= = u u tan
the phasor current that is in
phase with the phasor
voltage produces the real
(average) power
the phasor current that is
out of phase with the
phasor voltage produces
the reactive (quadrature)
power

Re
Im
P=I
2
rms

Re(Z)
Q=I
2
rms

Im(Z)
u
v
- u
i
Lect19 EEE 202 18
Summarizing Complex Power (S)
Complex power (like energy) is conserved, that is,
the total complex power supplied equals the total
complex power absorbed, S
i
=0
( ) ( ) Z Z Z S
2 2 2
Im Re
rms rms rms
I I j I Q j P = + = + =
Reactive Power Load Power Factor Complex Power
Q is positive Inductive Lagging First quadrant
Q is zero Resistive pf = 1 Real valued
Q is negative Capacitive Leading Fourth quadrant
Lect19 EEE 202 19
More Power Terminology
average power, P = V
rms
I
rms
cos(u
v
- u
i
)
apparent power = V
rms
I
rms

apparent power is expressed in volt-amperes
(VA) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA) to distinguish it
from average power

Lect19 EEE 202 20
Complex Power (S)
Definition of complex power, S





P is the real or average power
Q is the reactive or quadrature power, which indicates
temporary energy storage rather than any real power
loss in the element; and Q is measured in units of
volt-amperes reactive, or var
( ) ( )
Q j P
j
i v i v
i v
i v rms
+ =
+ =
Z =
Z Z = =
u u u u
u u
u u
sin I V cos I V
I V
I V
rms rms rms rms
rms rms
rms rms
*
rms
I V S
Lect19 EEE 202 21
Complex Power (S)
This is really a return to phasor use of voltage and
current rather than just the recent use of magnitude and
rms values
Complex power is expressed in units of volt-amperes like
apparent power
Complex power has no physical significance; it is a
purely mathematical concept
Note relationships to apparent power and power factor of
last section
|S| = V
rms
I
rms
= apparent power
ZS = Z(u
v
- u
i
) = Zu
Z
L
= power factor angle
Lect19 EEE 202 22
Real Power (P)
Alternate expressions for the real or
average power (P)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) Z
Z
Z
Z S
S
Re
Re
cos
cos Re
2
rms
rms rms Z
i v rms rms
I
I I
I V P
=
(
(

= =
= =
u
u u
Lect19 EEE 202 23
Reactive Power (Q)
Alternate expressions for the reactive or
quadrature power (Q)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) Z
Z
Z
Z S
S
Im
Im
sin
sin Im
2
rms
rms rms Z
i v rms rms
I
I I
I V Q
=
(
(

= =
= =
u
u u