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DEFINITION

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM IN
BABYLONIAN MATHEMATICS
ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY
PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
RATIONAL POINTS
ON CIRCLE OF
CONSTRUCTION
BIOGRAPHYCAL NOTES:
PYTHAGORAS
WHAT IS PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
THE USE OF THEOREM

VIDEO SEGMENT
Bhiographical Notes :
Pythagoras
Born on island Samos
Learned mathematics from
Thales (624 - 547 BCE) (Miletus)
Croton (around 540 BCE)
Founded a school
(Pythagoreans)
“All is number”
strict code of conduct
(secrecy, vegetarianism,
taboo on eating beans etc.)
explanation of musical
harmony in terms of whole-
Pythagoras number ratios
(580 BCE – 497 BCE)
• Pythagoras was a Greek mathematician and
philosopher.
• He was born on the island of Samos off the Greek
coast.(582 BC - 496 BC).
• At a very early age he travelled to Mesopotamia
and Egypt where he undertook his basic studies
and eventually founded his first school.
• He was known best for the Pythagorean Theorem
.
• He is also called "the father of numbers" .
• Pythagoras believed that mathematics could
exist without music or astronomy but
mathematical principles were universal and
implicit in all things; thus nothing could exist
without numbers.
• His teachings encompassed not only the
investigation into the self but into the whole of
the known universe of his time.
• Pythagoras is widely regarded as the founder of
modern mathematics, musical theory, philosophy
and the science of health (hygiene).
What is the Pythagorean
Theorem?
We have a page that talks all about the
Pythagorean Theorem, but here is a quick summary:
The Pythagorean Theorem states
that, in a right triangle, the
square of a (a²) plus the square
c2
c of b (b²) is equal to the square of
a a
2
c (c²):
a2 + btriangle
In a right angled 2
= c2 the
bb2 square of the long side (the
"hypotenuse") is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other
two sides. It is stated in this
formula:
+ = a2 + b 2 = c 2
Formal Definition…
 Years ago, a man named Pythagoras found an amazing fact
about triangles:
 
If the triangle had a right angle (90°) ...
... and you made a square on each of the three sides, then ...
... the biggest square had the exact same area as the other
two squares put together!
The longest side of the triangle is called the "hypotenuse", so
the formal definition is:
In a right angled triangle the square of the
hypotenuse c is equal to the sum of the squares of the
a other So,two
the sides.
square of a (a²) plus the
square of b (b²) is equal to the
b square of c (c²):
a2 + b 2 = c 2
The of
If we know the lengths Use
twoof Theorem…
sides of a right angled triangle,
then Pythagoras' Theorem allows us to find the length of the
third side. (But remember it only works on right angled
triangles!)

a 2 + b 2 = c2 a2 + b 2 = c 2
52 + 122 = c2 92 + b2 = 152
25 + 144 = 81 + b2 = 225
169 Take 81 from
c2 = 169 both sides
c = √169 b2 = 144
c = 13 b = √144
b = 12
VIDEO SEGMENT...!
HISTORY OF BABYLONIAN

MAP OF THE REGION

THE BABYLONIAN TABLET

VIDEO SEGMENT
In this article we examine four Babylonian tablets which all
have some connection with Pythagoras's theorem. Certainly
the BabyloniansHistory of Babylonian…
were familiar with Pythagoras's theorem. A
translation of a Babylonian tablet which is preserved in the
British museum goes as follows:-
4 is the length and 5 the diagonal. What is the
breadth ?
Its size is not known.
4 times 4 is 16.
5 times 5 is 25.
You take 16 from 25 and there remains 9.
What times what shall I take in order to get 9 ?
3 times 3 is 9.
3 is the breadth.
All the tablets we wish to consider in detail come from
roughly the same period, namely that of the Old Babylonian
Empire which flourished in Mesopotamia between 1900 BC
and 1600 BC.
Pythagoras Theorem in
Babylonian

Here is a map of the region where the


Babylonian Civilisation flourished between
1900 BC and 1600 BC
1. There are four types of babylonian tablets called
Yale tablet The Babylonian
YBC 7289, PlimptonTablet
322 (shown), the
Susa tablet, and the Tell Dhibayi tablet.

4. The Yale tablet YBC 7289 is one of a large collection


of tablets held in the Yale Babylonian collection of
Yale University.

7. It consists of a tablet on which a diagram appears.


The diagram is a square of side 30 with the
diagonals drawn in.
Plimpton 322 Tablet

Plimpton 322 is
the tablet
numbered 322
in the collection of
G A Plimpton
housed in
Columbia
University
Its date is not known accurately but it is put as
between 1800 BC and 1650 BC. It is thought to
be only part of a larger tablet, the remainder of
which has been destroyed.
• The Susa tablet was
discovered at the present
town of Shush in theSusa
The Tablet
Khuzistan region of Iran.
The town is about 350 km
from the ancient city of
Babylon.

• W K Loftus identified this


as an important
archaeological site as early
as 1850 but excavations
were not carried out until
much later.

• The particular tablet which


interests us here
investigates how to calculate
the radius of a circle through
the vertices of an isosceles
triangle.
The Tell Dhibayi Tablet

• The Tell Dhibayi tablet was one of about 500 tablets


found near Baghdad by archaeologists in 1962.

• Most relate to the administration of an ancient city


which flourished in the time of Ibalpiel II of Eshunna
and date from around 1750.

• The particular tablet which concerns us is not one


relating to administration but one which presents a
geometrical problem which asks for the dimensions of a
rectangle whose area and diagonal are known.
1. It has on it a diagram of a
The Yale Tablet
square with 30 on one
side, the diagonals are
drawn in and near the
centre is written
1,24,51,10 and 42,25,35.

3. Of course these numbers


are written in Babylonian
numerals to base 60. See
our article on
Babylonian numerals.

5. Now the Babylonian


numbers are always
ambiguous and no
indication occurs as to
where the integer part
ends and the fractional
part begins.
VIDEO SEGMENT...!
DEFINITION IN ARITHMETIC AND
GEOMETRY
CONVERSE STATEMENT

CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE
PYTHAGOREAN
VIDEO
SEGMENT
Arithmetic and Geometry...
The Theorem of Pythagoras
If c is the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle
and a, b area2two other
+b2=c 2 sides then
“Let no one unversed in geometry enter here”
s written over the door of Plato’s Academy (≈ 387 B

c2
c
a2 a

b
b2
Converse Statement...
• If a,b and c satisfy a2+b2=c2 then there exists a
right-angled triangle with corresponding sides.
• One can consider a2+b2=c2 as an equation
• It has some simple solutions: (3,4,5), (5,12,13)
etc.
• Practical use - construction of right angles
• Deep relationship between arithmetic and
geometry
• Discovery of irrational numbers
Contributions by the Pythagorean is
include :-
2. Various theorems about
Contributions by the
triangles, parallel lines, polygons,
Pythagorean
circles, spheres and regular
polyhedra.
3. Work on a class of problems in
the applications of areas. (e.g. to
construct a polygon of given area
and similar to another polygon.
The Pythagoreans had four branches
of Number:
VISUAL PROOF
5. Arithmetic consisted of solely OF THE
Number, PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM FOR
6. Geometry was Number combined THE (3, 4, 5)
with space, TRIANGLE AS IN
THE CHOU PEI
7. Music was Number in time, and SUAN CHING
8. Astronomy was the mixture of 500–200 BC.
Number, space, and time.
Starting at Unity (one), the
Pythagoreans liked to Tetraktys proceeds through
express numbers as the ordered numbers two,
geometrical figures; thethree, and four, which add up
foremost of these is the to a second Unity, ten. These
Tetraktys four numbers also correspond
to the ideas of a point, line,
plane, and three-dimensional
surface
Pythagorean number theory
make abundantly clear how
the early Greeks achieved
the insights necessary to
develop geometry. They
devised a new number
system which expressed
numbers in a highly visual
and physical form, through
the arrangement
of dots.
1. The figulate
numbers were
found by the
Pythagorean.

2. These numbers,
considered as the
number of dots in
VIDEO SEGMENT...!
DEFINITION

GENERAL FORMULA

LIST OF
PYTHOGOREAN
VIDEO
TRIPLES
SEGMENT
UP TO
100
• Pythagorean
Definition Integer Triples
triples (a,b,c) satisfying a2+b2=c2
are called Pythagorean triples
• Examples: (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (8,15,17) etc.
• Pythagoras: around 500 BCE
• Babylonia 1800 BCE: clay tablet
“Plimpton 322” lists integer pairs (a,c) such that
there is an integer b satisfying a2+b2=c2
• China (200 BCE -220 CE), India (500-200 BCE)
• Greeks: between Euclid (300 BCE) and Diophantus
(250 CE)
• Diophantine equation (after Diophantus, 300 CE)
- polynomial equation with integer coefficients to
which integer solutions are sought
• It was shown that there is no algorithm for
deciding which polynomial equations have integer
solutions.
General Formula…
•Theorem Any Pythagorean triple can be obtained
as follows:
a = (p2-q2)r, b = 2qpr, c = (p2+q2)r
where p, q and r are arbitrary integers.

•Special case:
a = p2-q2, b = 2qp, c = p2+q2

•Proof of general formula:


Euclid’s “Elements” Book X (around 300 BCE)
How To Know The
• Pythagorean
A Pythagorean Triples?
triple has three positive integers a,
b, and c, such that a2 + b2 = c2.

• In other words, a Pythagorean triple represents the


lengths of the sides of a right triangle where all
three sides have integer lengths.

• Evidence from megalithic monuments on the


Northern Europe shows that such triples were
known before the discovery of writing.

• Such a triple is commonly written (a, b, c). Some


well-known examples are (3, 4, 5) and (5, 12, 13).
List of Pythagorean Triples
Up To 100
• (3, 4, 5) • (16, 63, 65)
• (5, 12, 13) • (20, 21, 29)
• (7, 24, 25) • (28, 45, 53)
• (8, 15, 17) • (33, 56, 65)
• (9, 40, 41) • (36, 77, 85)
• (11, 60, 61)• (39, 80, 80)
• (12, 35, 37)• (48, 55, 73)
• (13, 84, 85)• (65, 72, 97)
VIDEO SEGMENT...!
RATIONAL POINTS OF CIRCLE

CONSTRUCTION ON CIRCLE
• Rational Point
Pythagorean On(a,b,c)
triple Circle
• Triangle with rational sides
x = a/c, y = b/c and hypotenuse c = 1
• x2 + y2 = 1 → P (x,y) is a rational point on the unit
circle.
Y

1
y
X
O x
Construction Of The Rational Point
• On Circle
Base point (trivial solution) Q(x,y) = (-1,0)
• Line through Q with rational slope t
y = t(x+1)
intersects the circle at a second rational point R
• Y
As t varies we obtain all rational points on the circle
which have the form
R
x = (1-t2) / (1+t2), y = 2t / (1+t2)
where t = p/q
Q X
-1 O 1

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