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Genetic information of living creatures is Written in an alphabet with just 4 letters, the four base pairs in DNA - Expressed during the growth and development of an organism. Central dogma theory forms the backbone of molecular biology and is represented by four major stages.
Genetic information of living creatures is Written in an alphabet with just 4 letters, the four base pairs in DNA - Expressed during the growth and development of an organism. Central dogma theory forms the backbone of molecular biology and is represented by four major stages.
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Genetic information of living creatures is Written in an alphabet with just 4 letters, the four base pairs in DNA - Expressed during the growth and development of an organism. Central dogma theory forms the backbone of molecular biology and is represented by four major stages.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
living creatures is: – Written in an alphabet with just 4 letters, the four base pairs in DNA – Expressed during the growth and development of an organism • RNA/DNA? Plays a key role in the process of gene expression OBJECTIVES
• To understand the central dogma
theory • To understand the transcription and the translation process 3. To know what is the genetic code No. Matrik: Program: Quiz 1. What is central dogma? _______________________________ 2. What are the processes involve? _________; ___________ 3. What are the criteria of genetic code? _________, ______________, __________ _________ The Central Dogma Theory • 1. Transcription of DNA to RNA to protein: This dogma forms the backbone of molecular biology and is represented by four major stages. • 2. The DNA replicates its information in a process that involves many enzymes: replication. • 3. The DNA codes for the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. • 4. In eucaryotic cells, the mRNA is processed (essentially by splicing) and migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. • 5. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries coded information to ribosomes. The Genetic information flows; 2. From DNA to DNA during its transmission from generation to generation (genotypic function) 3. From DNA to protein during its phenotypic expression and involves 2 steps; transcription: transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA translation: transfer of information from RNA to protein Central dogma
-Transferring the genetic information from DNA to
RNA or RNA synthesized: transcription central dogma:
DNA RNA Protein
Transcription Translation - Transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA is sometimes reversible whereas RNA to protein is always irreversible 4 types of RNA
tRNA (transfer RNA)
-tRNA is the information adapter molecule. It is the direct interface between amino- acid sequence of a protein and the information in DNA. •mRNA -Messenger RNA is a copy of the information carried by a gene on the DNA. The role of mRNA is to move the information contained in DNA to the translation machinery. •rRNA -Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18 s, 5.8 s, 28 s, and 5 s rRNA.
•snRNA -Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is the
name used to refer to a number of small RNA molecules found in the nucleus. Transcription Unit : area consists of promoter (the identification area of RNA Polymerase enzyme) until the termination area
RNA Pol
3’ 5’ 5’ 3’
Promoter RNA
Initiation site Termination area
Figure 1: Transcription Unit consists of DNA sequences from promoter area until termination area 3 stages of Transcription
i) Initiation: - the promoter functions as a recognition site
for transcription factors – enables RNA Polymerase to bind to the promoter – the DNA denatured into two strands (open complex). One of the helix strands functional as a template for RNA synthesis. ii) Elongation: -synthesis of RNA transcript by RNA Polymerase in a 5’- 3’ direction same in DNA synthesis iii) Termination: a termination signal is reached that causes RNA Polymerase and the RNA transcript to dissociate from DNA. In E. coli (prokaryotes) - RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase.
In mammals (eukaryotes) - 3 types of polymerases :
RNA Pol I, RNA Pol II and RNA Pol III
In E coli, RNA polymerase is a big and complex molecule. It consists of 6 subunit and called as Holoenzyme : α2, β, β’,ω,σ
-- σ - recognizes regions of the promoter and released
from the enzyme after the RNA synthesized
--β – bind at the precursor
--β’- bind at the template DNA
Figure 3: RNA polymerase activated by the sigma factor to recognize promoter sequence RNA Polymerase (Holoenzyme) Termination sequence Faktor σ Promoter DNA 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ (i) Initiation Enzim released mRNA (ii) Elongation mRNA 5’
(iii) Termination σ released
mRNA
Figure 2:Transcription cycle for RNA polymerase in E.coli
Figure 4: RNA synthesized (mRNA) RNA Modification -For prokaryote - analysis bacterial genes showed that the sequence of DNA within the coding strand corresponds to the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA -providing the instructions for the correct amino acid sequence in polypeptide.
For eukaryote – their structural genes are note always
colinear with mRNA. -Coding sequences within many eukaryotic genes are separated by DNA sequences that are not translated into protein. -The sequences in the RNA that correspond to the introns are removed. -The RNA derived from the exons are connected (spliced). The coding sequences are called exons The sequences that interrupt them called intervening sequences or introns Figure 5 : Excision of Intron from mRNA TRANSLATION
Transferring the genetic information from RNA
into a polypeptide sequence (protein) or protein synthesized
DNA Transcription Translation
-Cistron : A length of DNA that contains the
information for coding a specific polypeptide chain. A cistron codes for messenger RNA. It have sequence for initiation and termination
-Translation occur at ribosome in cytoplasm
3 stages of Translation
1. Initiation – involves the binding of mRNA and the initiator
tRNA to the ribosomal subunits
2. Elongation – polypeptide synthesized
3. Termination – occurs when a stop codon is reached in
the mRNA 1. Initiation : mRNA and the first tRNA bind to the ribosomal subunits to form a complex. In bacteria, the initiator tRNA (fmet-tRNA), carries a methionine . The start codon is AUG.
Initiation stage of protein synthesized in prokaryote
The formation of complex and showing the A and P site 2. -Elongation: a short polypeptide is attached to the tRNA located at the P site of the ribosome. A new tRNA carrying a single amino acid binds to the A site. This binding occurs because the anticodon in tRNA is complementary to the codon in the mRNA. 3. -Termination: Occurs when a stop codon is reached in
the mRNA. In most species, the three stop codons
(nonsense codon) are UAG, UGA & UAA Genetic Code Properties of the genetic code: 2. Composed of nucleotide triplets 3. Non-overlapping 4. Comma-free 5. Degenerate 6. Ordered 7. Contains start and stop codons 8. Nearly universal There are 64 different codon - 61 of these have code a specific amino acid. - 3 codons are stop codon (nonsense codon- UAG,UGA,UAA) INFORMATION PROCESSING & CENTRAL DOGMA
- the letters of the genetic alphabet... are the nucleotides A, T, G, & C of DNA - unit of information is CODON = genetic 'word' - a triplet sequence of nucleotides CAT in a polynucleotide - 3 nucleotides = 1 codon (word) = 1 amino acid - the definition of (codon) word = amino acid
GENE Expression
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology depicts flow of genetic information Transcription - copying of DNA sequence into RNA Translation - copying of RNA sequence into protein
DNA sequence ------->RNA sequence -----> a. acid sequence TAC AUG MET triplet sequence in DNA --> codon in mRNA ---- > amino acid in protein Information : triplet sequence in DNA is the genetic word [codon] KEY QUESTIONS HOW IS GENETIC INFORMATION STORED IN DNA TRANSFERRED TO RNA AND PROTEIN? HOW DO RNA MOLECULES TRANSPORT GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA IN THE NUCLEUS TO THE SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE CYTOPLASMA? WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT STEPS IN RNA SYNTHESIS IN PROKARYOTES? QUIZ • Part of a DNA strand to be transcribed has the following sequence: 3’-TACTAACTTACGCTCGCCTCA-5’
c) What is the sequence of RNA transcribed
from this part of the strand? d) What sequence of amino acids does the RNA produce?