Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter Summary
Chapter Sixteen is an overview of victimolgy, or the study of victims of crime. The chapter begins with a discussion of who is victimized. This is followed with a discussion of the various theories regarding victimization. The Chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of the criminal justice system in terms of catering to the victim.
Chapter Summary
After reading this chapter, students should be able to: Define victimology Describe victims Explain the theories of victimization Describe the relationship between the criminal justice system and victims Understand policies aimed at helping victims
Table 16.1 Victimization Rates of Combined Violent and Personal Theft Crimes by Selected Demographic Characteristics 2004
Gender Male Female $15,000$24,999 Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic Other Two or more Age 1215 49.7 21.0 26.0 18.2 2.7 51.6 Marital Status Never married Married Divorced/separate 39.4 9.7 33.0 Rate 25.0 18.1 24.4 $7,500$14,999 $25,000$34,999 $35,000$49,999 $50,000$74,999 $75,000 or more 22.1 21.6 22.1 17.0 Household Income Less than $7,500 Rate 38.4 39.0
1619
2024 2534 3549 5064 65 or older
45.9
43.0 23.7 7.9 11.0 2.1
Widowed
Residence Urban Suburban Rural
4.0
Table 16.2 Average Annual Number of Violent Victimizations in the Workplace 1992-1996
Annual Average Homicide Rape/sexual assault Robbery Aggravated assault Simple assault 1,023 50,500 83,700 395,500 1,480,000 2,010,723
Figure 16.1 Number of Homicides and Suicides of Youth Ages 15-19 at and Away from School: 1999-2000
Source: DeVoe et al., Indicators of school crime and safety: 2003 (2003). U.S. Departments of Education and Justice.
Figure 16.2 Percentage of Students ages 12-18 who Reported being Bullied During Previous Six Months, by Grade: 1999 and 2001
Source: DeVoe et al., Indicators of school crime and safety: 2003 (2003). U.S. Departments of Education and Justice.
Victimization Theories
Victimization can occur at any time, at any place, and totally without warning. In the majority of cases of victimization, victims are now seen as individuals who in some way, knowingly or unknowingly, passively or actively, influenced their victimization.
Figure 16.3 Male Victimization Rates by Number of Risk Factors for Delinquency
Source: Loeber, Kalb, & Huizinga (2001). Juvenile delinquency and serious injury victimization.
Figure 16.4 Four Scenarios Illustrating the Degree of Victim/Offender Responsibility According to Victim Precipitation Theory
Degree of Criminal Intent of the Perpetrator None Some
Equal Responsibility Victim using the services of a prostitute leaves his wallet on the bed stand and leaves. She decides to keep the money in his wallet.
More
Much
Victim Innocent A sex offender kidnaps a screaming young girl from a playground and molests her.
Victim Provocation A woman who has suffered years of abuse stabs and kills her husband in selfdefense as he is beating her again.
Victim Facilitation Victim leaves keys in his car while he runs into a store. A teenager impulsively steals the car and wrecks it.
Much
More
Some
None
Figure 16.5 Percentage of Adolescent Victims and Non-victims of Violence Expected to Experience Adult Problem Outcomes
Source: D. Kilpatrick, Beatty, & Smith-Howley (1998). The Rights of Crime Victims. National Institute of Justice.