Lecture 31

Sinsuoidal steady state power

Instantaneous and average (real) power
Reactive power
Complex power
Power factor
Related educational modules:
Section 2.9.0, 2.9.1
AC power
Power is still the product of voltage and current:

We are now interested in the case in which the
voltage and current are sinusoids:
v(t) and i(t) are related
Keep in mind that power is delivered to a load



The amplitude and phase of the voltage and current
are not independent
They are related through the load impedance
and
Z I V =
Z I V = Z I V Z + Z = Z
Instantaneous AC power
Our previous (time domain) definition of power is
called the instantaneous power
In terms of our sinusoidal voltage & current:

After some trigonometry and algebra:

The power consists of a DC (constant) part and an AC
(sinusoidal part)
Graphical representation of p(t)




Alternate representation for p(t)



Which can be decomposed into two plots:





Average (real) power and reactive power
Average Power
We are generally more interested in the average
power delivered to a load:


Average power is:


This is also called the real power (its the power thats
provided to the resistive part of the load over time)
Units are watts
RMS values
We want to assess the power delivered by different
types of time-varying signals
The power delivered to a resistive load:


Find a DC (constant) value which delivers the same
average power as the time-varying signal
Called the effective or RMS value of the signal
Used to compare different time-varying signals
Note: we want our average power to look like
an average current squared times resistance
or an average voltage squared divided by
resistance
We want to define these effective values
Note why its called RMS
RMS values continued
Average power:

Effective DC value:

Equating to time-average value:

,

Annotate previous slide to show VRMS, IRMS
notation (RMS = effective)
Definition of RMS values
The effective (or RMS) value of a signal is equal to
the DC value which provides the same average
power to a resistor
For sinusoidal signal with no DC offset:

,
Average power in terms of RMS values:
Apparent power and power factor
Power in terms of RMS values:


The average (real) power is the product of apparent
power and the power factor
Apparent power: (units = volt-amps = VA)

Power factor (pf): (unitless)
Power factor is leading or lagging, to denote whether current
leads or lags voltage
Interpretation of apparent power and pf
Power factor is a property
of the load
For a complex load, the
power delivered to the load
is not exactly the power
supplied by the generator
If Z
L
is real pf = 1
If Z
L
is imaginary pf = 0,
and no average power is
delivered to the load



On previous slide, mention reactive power
again.
Complex Power
Complex power is a way to conveniently expressing
the various power parameters and their relationships


or:
( )
i v eff eff
I V S u u Z =
Annotate previous slide to show real (average)
power and reactive power
Power relationships
Complex power:


Magnitude of S is the apparent power (units = VA)
The real part of S is the average power (units = watts)

The imaginary part of S is the reactive power (units = VAR)
Power Triangle
Example
For the circuit below,
(a) find the average power delivered by the source
(b) find the powers absorbed by the resistor and capacitor
(c) find the apparent and reactive powers delivered by the source
(d) sketch a power triangle for the source
(a) find the average power delivered by the source
(b) find the powers absorbed by the resistor and capacitor
(c) find the apparent and reactive powers delivered by the source
Z = 0 100
S
V
Z = 66 38 8 7 . . I
S
(d) sketch a power triangle for the source
Apparent power: 391VA
Average power: 305W
Reactive power: -244VAR