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Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Chapter Objectives:
Know the difference between instantaneous power and average
power
Learn the AC version of maximum power transfer theorem
Learn about the concepts of effective or rms value
Learn about the complex power, apparent power and power factor
Understand the principle of conservation of AC power
Learn about power factor correction


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Instantenous AC Power
( ) cos( ) ( ) cos( )
( ) ( )
1 1
cos( ) cos ) ( (
2 2
2 )
m m m v m
m v m
v i
i
i
v t V t i t I t
p t v t t i V I V I t
e u e
u u u
u
e u
= + = +
+ + = = +
Instantenous Power p(t) is the power at any instant of time.
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Instantenous AC Power
Instantenous Power p(t) is the power at any instant of time.
( ) ( ) ( ) p t v t i t =
The instantaneous power is composed of two parts.
A constant part.
The part which is a function of time.


Assume a sinusoidal voltage with phase , ( ) cos( )
Assume a sinus
1
cos( )
2
CONSTANT POWER
oidal current with phase , ( ) cos( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos(2 )
2
SINUSO A ( ) + ID L
v m v
i
m m v v i i m
m i
m
v t V t
i t I t
p t v t i V t
p
I I t
t
V
u e
e u u u
e
u
u
u u
= +
= +
=
=
+ = + +
(frequen POW cy ER 2 ) e
1
c ( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos( )
2
os(2 )
2
m m v m m v i i
p t v t i t V I t V I u u e u u + = + = +
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Instantenous and Average Power
The instantaneous power p(t) is composed of a constant part (DC) and a time
dependent part having frequency 2.
Instantenous Power p(t)
1
2
Average Po we
c )
r
os(
m m v i
P V I u u =
1
co
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) c
1
cos(2 )
2
os( ) ( ) cos( )
( s
2
) ( )
m v m i
m m v v i i m m
V I
p t v t i t
v t V t i t I t
I t p t V
e u e u
u u u u e
=
= + =
+ + +
+
=
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Instantenous and Average Power
1 1
1 2 2 2
( ) cos( ) cos(2 ) ( ) ( )
m m v i m m v i
p t V I V I t p t p t u u e u u = + + + = +
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Average Power
The average power P is the average of the instantaneous power over one period .
0
1
( ) Average
( ) ( ) (
Powe
) Instantaneous Power
( ) cos
r
( ) ( ) cos( )
m v
T
m i
p t v t i t
v t V t i
P p t
t
T
t
dt
I e u e u
=
= + = +
=
}
1 1
2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1
( ) cos( ) cos(2 )
T T T
m m v i m m v i
P p t dt V I dt V I t dt
T T T
u u e u u = = + + +
} } }
1
2
1
2
cos( )
1
Re cos( )
2
m m v i
m m v i
P V I
P V I
u u
u u
-
=
(
= =

VI
1 1
2 2
0 0
1
2
1 1
cos( ) cos(2 )
= co (Integral of a Sinusoidal=0) s( ) 0
T T
m m v i m m v i
m m v i
P V I dt V I t dt
T T
V I
u u e u u
u u
= + + +
+
} }
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Average Power
The average power P, is the average of the instantaneous power over one period .
1
2
1
2
cos( )
1
Re cos( )
2
m m v i
m m v i
P V I
P V I
u u
u u
-
=
(
= =

VI
A resistor has (
v
-
i
)=0 so the average power becomes:
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2 R m m m
P V I I R R = = = I
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When
v
=
i
, it is a purely resistive load case.
3. When
v

i
= 90
o
, it is a purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit absorbs no average power.
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Instantenous and Average Power
Example 1 Calculate the instantaneous power and
average power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
) 60 10 ( sin 15 ) (
) 20 10 ( cos 80 ) (
+ =
+ =
t t i
t t v
1
cos( )
2
385.7
1
cos(2 )
2
600cos(20t 10 )
P= 385.7 W is the average power
(


)
low
=
f
W
m m m i v v i m
V I I p V t t e u u u u +
+
= + +

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Average Power Problem
Practice Problem 11.4: Calculate the average power absorbed by each of the five
elements in the circuit given.
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Average Power Problem
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Maximum Average Power Transfer
a) Circuit with a load b) Thevenin Equivalent circuit
Finding the maximum average power which can be transferred from
a linear circuit to a Load connected.
Represent the circuit to the left of the load by its Thevenin equiv.
Load Z
L
represents any element that is absorbing the power generated
by the circuit.
Find the load Z
L
that will absorb the Maximum Average Power from
the circuit to which it is connected.
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Maximum Average Power Transfer Condition
Write the expression for average power associated with Z
L
: P(Z
L
).
Z
Th
= R
Th
+ jX
Th
Z
L
= R
L
+ jX
L
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
L
2
L
2
2
Ajust R and X to get maximum P
1
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
2 ( )
L
Th
Th Th
L
Th L Th Th L L Th L Th L
Th L Th L
L
Th L Th L
Th Th L Th L L Th L
L
Th L
R
V
V V
I P I R
Z Z R jX R jX R R X X
V R X X
P
X
R R X X
V R R X X R R R
P
R
R R
= = = =
+ + + + + + +
+
c
=
c
( + + +

( + + + +
c

=
c
+
2
2
2 2

0 0 (
( )

)

L Th L Th Th L Th
Th L
L L
L L L Th Th Th
P P
X X R R X X
R
X X
R
X
Z R jX R jX Z
-
( + +

c c
= = = = + + =
c c
= + = =
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Maximum Average Power Transfer Condition
For Maximum average power transfer to a load impedance Z
L
we must
choose Z
L
as the complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance Z
Th
.
2
max

8
L L L Th Th Th
Th
Th
Z R jX R jX Z
V
P
R
-
= + = =
=
Therefore: Z
L
= R
Th
- X
Th
= Z
Th
will generate the maximum power
transfer.
Maximum power P
max
2
2
max
2 8
Th
L L
Th
V
I R
P
R
= =
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Maximum Average Power Transfer
Practice Problem 11.5: Calculate the load impedance for maximum power
transfer and the maximum average power.
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Maximum Average Power Transfer
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Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load
When the load is PURELY RESISTIVE, the condition for maximum power
transfer is:


Now the maximum power can not be obtained from the P
max
formula given before.
Maximum power can be calculated by finding the power of R
L
when X
L
=0.
2 2 2 2
0 ( )
L L Th Th L Th Th Th
X R R X X R X Z = = + + = + =


RESISTIVE
LOAD
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Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load
Practice Problem 11.6: Calculate the resistive load needed for maximum power
transfer and the maximum average power.
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Maximum Average Power for Resistive Load
Notice the way that the maximum power is calculated using the Thevenin
Equivalent circuit.
R
L
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a) AC circuit
Effective or RMS Value
The EFFECTIVE Value or the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a periodic
current is the DC value that delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current.
b) DC circuit
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
( ) ( )
T T
eff Rms
R
P i t Rdt i t dt I R I R
T T
= = = =
} }
2 2
0 0
1 1
( ) ( )
T T
eff Rms eff Rms
I I i t dt V V v t dt
T T
= = = =
} }
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Effective or RMS Value of a Sinusoidal
The Root Mean Square (RMS) value of a sinusoidal voltage or current is equal
to the maximum value divided by square root of 2.
2
2 2
0 0
1 1
cos (1 cos 2 )
2
2
T T
m m
Rms m
I I
I I tdt t dt
T T
e e = = + =
} }
1
2
cos( ) cos( )
m m v i Rms Rms v i
P V I V I u u u u = =
The average power for resistive loads using the (RMS) value is:
2
2
Rms
R Rms
V
P I R
R
= =
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Effective or RMS Value
Practice Problem 11.7: Find the RMS value of the current waveform. Calculate
the average power if the current is applied to a 9 O resistor.
A 309 . 2
3
16
= =
rms
I
W 48 ) 9 (
3
16
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= = R I P
rms
4 0 1
( )
8 4 1 2
t t
i t
t t
< <

=

< <

1 2
2 2 2 2
0 0 1
1 1
(4 ) (8 4 )
2
T
rms
I i dt t dt t dt
T
(
= = +
(

} } }
1 2
2 2 2
0 1
16
(4 4 )
2
rms
I t dt t t dt
(
(

= + +
} }
3
2 2 2
1
1 16
8 4 2
3 3 3
rms
t
I t t
(
| |
= + + =
( |
\ .

2 T =
4t
8-4t
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