UNIVERSIDAD JUAREZ DEL ESTADO DE DURANGO FACULTAD DE AGRICULTURA Y ZOOTECNIA

INGLES I. BIOPESTICIDES. Q.F.B.: PABLO FERNANDO RODRGUEZ LPEZ ENGLISH TEACHER: MISS KAREN LUGA.

Chemical pesticide. Chemical substances to neutralize, control or manage plages of insects Duffy (1996)

* Biopesticides: those made from active fythocompunds from organisms such as plants, viruses, fungi, etc (Pest Control Magazine, 1977).
Pesticide: Every substance or mix of those to prevent, destroy, repell or mitigate any plague

Pesticide clasification: (Bennett et. al.,1996) Pesticides are clasified in: a) Organo-chemicals: derived from chemical process in
industries or labs , which extraction is based firs in plants, then combined with chemicals.

a) Botanicals: those active principles, coming from plants, such as

dusts, hydro-alcoholics, pellets, resins.

b) sinthetic pyrethroids:
Those coming first from natural pyrethrin (active compound of Crysanthemum plant) and then being synthetized in the laboratory for a long-term action. Some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to the nervous system.

c) Inorganics: Antiques ones, extracted from caves. Inorganic

pesticides have slow lethal action over plagues, but remain for a long time in action.

Why use biopesticides vs. Chemical ones ?

Advantages: Environmentally and ecologically friendly. Quick decomposition. Less residues in crops. Respect macro and micro-nutrients cycle. Human, plant, animal and crop toxicity. Does not produce insect plague resistance.

1) Pyretrhum:
Most widely used around the world.

Extracted from: Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (Asteraceae) flower. Dispensation: pulverizated leaves or liquid form. (Casida y
Quistad, 1995).

Production: 75% in Kenya, Tanzania. Mode of action: overcharge in nerve cells, leading to acute paralysis in the affected insect pest. (Ware y Whitacre, 2004).

2) Rotenone
Use is more limitated to Organic Agriculture. Used in California
(cabbage, tomatoes) (Isman, 2006). It is sold for home plagues (solid form) and gardens (liquids) and organic agriculture . Fishing uses (paralyzes fishes) (Leguminacea)

Extracted from:

roots of Derris spp. , Lonchocarpus spp. And Tephrosia spp.

Active compound: Rotenone, rotenoids.

problems inhibiting the transporter electron chain in the insect (Ware and Whitecare, 2004).

Mode of action: wide spectrum, absorbed in stomach. It causes respiratory

Relative toxicity in animals (150mg. / kg in rats) and humans (at high doses)
Limits of low residues have been detected in olive crops (degradation in 4 days). (Cabras et al. 2002).

3) Nicotine
Active compound: Alkaloids gotten from tabacum (Nicotiana spp; Solanaceae) and A. aphylla (Chenopodiaceae). Mode of action: produce a very toxic and corrosive efect in plagues and also in plants, and even animals. It has a highly toxic dermical effect by ingestion, inhalation and exposition in humans too. Lethal dosis (60 mg) for insects.

Rural usage in China and Africa (Morse et al. 2002) used in greenhouse against plagues of soft body insects (bettles). Nicotinoids: synthetic chemical compounds derived and similar to nicotine. Nicotinoids produce a bloackeage effect on nervious system and post-synaptic receptors of acetylcholine.

4) Other Traditional Bio-pesticides

(Flaucourtiaceae): produces Alcaloids compounds that block neuromuscular unions (aleatory movement descompensation. Active compound: stem ( < 1% ryanodine) B) Quasia amara (Simaroubaceae): small tree from Brasil. Active compound: Triterpenoids C) Ailanthus altissima or God Tree (fine chips of wood): Used traditionally as pesticide. Active compound: Leaf extract containing Ailanthones. It acts against aphids insects.

A) Caribbean Tree (wood) & Ryana speciosa

D) Sabadilla (Schoenocaulon officinale)

South American plant (Liliaceae Family) Active compound: esteroid-like alkaloids, very effective as fythopesticide. Extractation from: seed, leaves in extract methanolic or pulverized form. Note: VERY toxic for mammals (leaves than others).

(Ware y Whitacare, 2004; Isman, 2005, 2006, 2010; Isman y Akhtar, 2007; Gilbert y Gill, 2010; Kumar et al., 2010; Dubey et al., 2011; Kather, 2011; Melhorn et al., 2011).

NEEM
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss: Meliaceae) More recently discovered bio-pesticide.
Widely used : in Asian, tropicals countries, Africa, America and Australia. It grows even in poor mineral, not so deep, saline and weathered soils. Used for: Give shade to other small trees, plants and photosensible crops. Medicinal and bio-pesticide purposes.

NEEM. Biological activity

Discovered by: Heinrich Schmutterer. He observed the desertic weather dismantled almost all local flora in Suan with exception of some trees Neem . (National Research Council, 1992). Active compound: Azadirachtine (limonoid isolated in 1968). Most potent extract with anti-feeding properties, fungal, nematicide, bactericide , moluscide, diuretic and anti-arthritic properties (Melhorn et al., 2011). It also exhibit immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglicemic, anti-ulceral, anti-malarial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, antimutagenic and andti-carcinogenic properties. Action in crops: strenghten the crop in a systemic level, promoting resistance to field weeds and physiologic efficacy (Schmutterer, 2002a).

 NEEM & Mode of Action.

1) Action as growth regulator in insects in larvae (producing physiological alterations, inhibition and malformations).

2) Hormone alterations in youth phase. 3) Anti-feeding effect. 4) Control over gypsy moth, digger leaves insects, white fly of sweet potatoe and cabbage moth larvae phase and some diseases including some molds (Dubey et al. 2011). 5) Affect some arthropods of veterinary importance such as: cockroaches, mites, fleas and flies (Melhorn et al., 2011).