Stress Concentration

Presented By Mahavir Singh

Presentation Flow
Basics Stress Concentration Force lines Stress concentration factor Design guidance References

Basics
Simplest Case: rectangular plate When an external force P is applied on a plate of uniform cross-section area A, material experience stress given by P P

Design is very easy. We can safe our design as we want or driven by the constraints as:

Ultimate/y ield Strength Rf Applied/Ex pected Strength

P
Material Property

Load Driven

All the above calculation is valid only for prismatic structure (uniform cross section and uniform material properties) But Reality ? What happens if there is any OBSTACLE ? All Stresses will Concentrate near the obstacles. These obstacles magnify the stress level by a factor called STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTOR The value of like depends on many things

Kt

shape and size of hole, size and properties of plate, no. of holes etc.

Stress Concentration Factor

Stress Concentration factor is defined as

Max Stress Level Kt Nominal Stress

Avg. Stress ? Stress far away from hole ? Stress in absence of hole ?

It has been simplified by several authors that value of Kt is 3 for a cylindrical hole in an infinite plate.
To visualize what happens in case of discontinuity we introduce a concept of FORCE LINES.

Imaginary Lines shows forces inside the structure If external force of 10N is shown by five force lines, Price of each line = 2N Same for all the line and constant throughout the line Rules for producing:

Force Lines (N)

Starts on the surface where external force is applied

Go around obstacles.

Uniform for tension/compression

Density is higher near the edge of a beam under bending

a) b) c) d)

Concentrated near the tip Not uniformly distributed near the tip No sudden change in direction Do not intersect each other

Passes through the specimen Do not leave the material Do not brake in between

Stress concentration Factor

Max Stress Level Kt Nominal Stress
There are different formula for nominal stress

Normally Stress concentration factor increases with: 1. Increasing dimension along (a) 2. Decreasing dimension along (b) 3. Smaller radius in the notch tip Theoretically it is infinite for zero notch radius, true in case of perfectly elastic bodies but finite in reality due to plasticity and other micro structural changes.

Why High notch radius has high Kt ? Which area to be taken ?

Design Consideration