Flame Types & Dynamics

Presented by: Ahmadreza Aminian (Ph.D. Student of Mechanical Engineering)

Flame, a Definition
Flame involves the Chemical Reaction between one chemical substance
called a Fuel, and another chemical which is an oxidizer (or oxidant). The chemical reaction between the fuel and oxidant is called Combustion;

it is accompanied by the release of heat and usually by the emission of

light in the visible region of the spectrum. Heat Transfer Mechanism in Flame is RADIATION.

Flame Types & Classification

Flame Types & Classification

Flame color depends on several factors.
In the hydrocarbon flames, the most important factor determining color is oxygen supply and the extent of fuel-oxygen pre-mixing, which determines the rate of combustion and thus the temperature and reaction paths, thereby producing different color hues.

Flame Types & Classification

1. Fuel-Rich, with no premixed oxygen; produces a yellow, sooty, and diffusive

flame; this kind of flame,

called:

the SOOTY FLAME

Flame Types & Classification

2. Still Fuel-Rich, but with increased amount of Oxygen, produces a red-looking flame in higher temperature, which called:

The REDUCTIVE FLAME

Flame Types & Classification

3. By increasing the oxygen content in flame atmosphere, we get to the higher levels of temperature, this kind of flame called:

The NEUTRAL FLAME

Neutral Flame a Closer Look

Flame Types & Classification

4. a lean fully oxygen premixed flame produces no soot and the flame color is produced by molecular radicals, especially CH and C2. this kind of flame earns the highest level of flame temperature and called:

The OXYDIZED FLAME

Flame Temperature

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Variation of flame temperature with equivalence ratio :

Flame Temperature of Various Fuels

Fuel Acetylene Acetylene Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Heptane Heptane Hydrogen Oxidizer Air Oxygen Air Oxygen Air Oxygen Air Pressure (atm) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Temperature (K) 2600 3410 2400 3220 2290 3100 2400

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Hydrogen
Methane

Oxygen
Air

1
1

3080
2210

Methane
Methane Methane

Air
Oxygen Oxygen

20
1 20

2270
3030 3460

Flame Sections & Dynamics

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Flame Dynamics
The flame velocityalso called the
burning velocity, normal combustion velocity, or laminar flame speedis

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more precisely defined as the velocity

at which unburned gases move through the combustion wave in the direction normal to the wave surface MallardLe Chatelier Graph is a description of the temperature in a laminar fl ame wave

Flame Dynamics
The Mallard- Le Chatelier Graph stated that the heat conducted from zone
II is equal to that necessary to raise the unburned gases to the ignition temperature (the boundary between zones I and II). If it is assumed that the slope of the temperature curve is linear, the slope can be approximated by the expression [( Tf-Ti )/ ], where Tf is the final or flame temperature, Ti is the ignition temperature, and is the

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thickness of the reaction zone.

THE END
Positively.

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Any QUESTIONS.?