SEMINAR (EPRSE-313)

HYDRULIC
STRUCTURES

FLOODS
WHAT IS MENT BY FLOOD?
A flood is an unusually high stage in a river
normally the level at which the river overflows
its banks and inundates the adjoining area.
The damages caused by floods in terms of loss
of life, property and economic loss due to
disruption of economic activity are all too well
known.
ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD
A design flood is the flood discharge adopted
for design of a hydraulic structure after careful
considerations of hydrologic and economic
factors.
A design flood observed in most of the cases
may be less than MPF (Maximum probable
flood).

The estimation of flood can be made by the
following methods.

1. By physical indication of past floods.
2. By flood discharge formulae.
3. By flood frequency studies.
4. By unit hydrograph.

BY PHYSICAL INDICATION OF
PAST FLOODS.

The cross section of the river may be plotted
and the water line corresponding to the highest
flood can be drawn on it.
From such a cross section the water flow area,
wetted perimeter and hydraulic mean depth
can be calculated.
And the procedure should be repeated at
several villages or water marks to get
consistent results.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR FLOOD
DISCHARGE
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
The empirical formulae used for the estimation
of the flood peak are essentially regional.

1. Dickens formula,
2. Ryves formula,
3. Inglis formula,
4. Nawab Jang Bahadur formula,
5. Fannings formula,
6. Creagers formula,
7. Fullers formula

Dickens formula:
Q = C A
3 / 4
Q= discharge in cumecs
A= area of the basin in sq.km
Ryves formula:
Q = C A
2 / 3

Q= discharge in cumecs
A= area of the basin in sq.km



C- depends on catchment



Inglis formula
Q= 123A/(A+10.4) 123 A

Nawab Jang Bahadur Formula

Q=CA
(0.903-1/14Log A)
Fannings Formula

Q=CA
5/6

Creagers Form
Q
1
= 46C
1
A
1
(0.8904A1
-0.048
)

Fullers formula

Q
max
= CA
0.8
(1+0.8 logT) (1+2.67A
-0.3
)


T=Number of years after which such a flood is
to reccur
Q = Maximum flood during any part of the day
that could occur in T-years
A= Area of drainage basin in sq.km
C= Constant varying from 0.185 to 1.3
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

Flood frequency analysis involves the fitting of
a probability model to the sample of annual
flood peaks recorded over a period of
observation, for a catchment of a given region

Hydrologic processes such as floods are
exceedingly complex natural events. They are
the resultants of a number of component
parameters of the hydrologic system and are
therefore very difficult to model analytically.
BY FLOOD FREQUENCY STUDIES
FLOOD FREQUENCY:
Flood frequency
denotes the likely hood of flood being equalled
or exceeded.
RECURRENCE INTERVAL:
Recurrence
interval denotes the number of years in which
a flood can be expected once

RETURN PERIOD:
It is the average recurrence
interval for a certain event or flood.
PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE:
The
probability of an event being equalled or
exceeded in any one year is the probability of
its occurrence.
FREQUENCY:
The probability of occurrence of
an event expressed as a percent is known as
frequency
UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD
The unit-hydrograph technique can be used to
predict the peak-flood hydrograph, if the
rainfall producing the flood, infiltration
characteristics of the catchment and the
appropriate unit hydrograph are available.
For design purposes, extreme rainfall
situations are used to obtain the design storm
(viz., the hyetograph) of the rainfall excess
causing extreme floods.
GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION
This extreme value distribution was introduced
by Gumbel (1941) and is commonly known as
Gumbel's distribution. It is one of the most
widely used probability-distribution functions of
extreme values in hydrological and meteorologic
studies for prediction of flood peaks, maximum
rainfalls, maximum wind speed, etc.
Gumbel defined a flood as the largest of the
365 daily flows and the annual series of flood
flows constitute a series of largest values of
flows.

Gumbel distribution is a statistical method
often used for predicting extreme hydrological
events such as floods. In this study it has been
applied for flood frequency analysis because,
(a) peak flow data are homogeneous and
independent.
(b) The river is less regulated, hence is not
significantly affected by reservoir operations,
diversions or urbanization; and
(c) flow data cover a relatively long record
(more than 10 years) and is of good quality.

GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION
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FLOOD ROUTING
It is the process of calculating water levels in
reservoir, the storage quantities and out flow
rates corresponding to a particular inflow
hydrograph at various instance.
Flood routing is carried out in a reservoir to
determine what will be the maximum rise in its
water surface and what will be the discharge in
the downstream channel when particular flood
passes through it.
Flood routing is an important technique necessary
for the complete solution of a flood control
problem and for the satisfactory operation of the
flood-prediction service.
Evaluating the risk of flood requires hydrologic
studies.
Risk evaluation under current landuse,
Prediction of the impact of landuse change.
Storage and transmission of floodwater
Floodwater moves downstream along a
channel. Flood
occurs when the channel storage capacity
is exceeded
(a) Simple translation:
The flood wave moves without changing its
shape. This tendency is dominant in steep,
straight streams. Flow velocities are high and
relatively constant.
(b) Attenuation
The wave is attenuated by storage within the
channel and the valley floor. A reservoir is a
good example.
(c) Combination
Most natural rivers have both tendencies.



ROUTED FLOOD WAVE
FLOOD PREDICTION

Important considerations.
(a) Volume of storm runoff
(b) Peak flood discharge
(c) Flood height
(d) Time distribution of storm hydrograph
(e) Area of inundation
(f) Velocity of flow across the valley bottom

METHODS OF FLOOD ROUTING
Calculus Method
Step by Step Methods
I. Graphical Methods
II. Trial and Error Methods
IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD CONTROL
CAUSE

Low lying flood plains have attracted people to settle for
hundreds of years.
Flood plains provide fertile areas to grow crops
Rivers form navigation routes to carry goods
This all leads to an increase in population in and around
flood plains over the years.
Many large cities are located in and around an adjacent
river's flood plain.
Rivers flood periodically when the flow increases and
breaches the natural river banks.
Some small floods occur annually from seasonal rain
and or snow melt. Other larger floods occur less often.

IMPORTANCE OF FLOOD CONTROL EFFECT

Data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on flood
dam age in the past 100 years.
This data shows that when rivers flood, there has been an
increasing trend in the number of lives lost and damaged
property.
This puts ever more pressure on proper flood control to
help reduce these risks.
Flood control measures are those measures taken to
reduce the damaging effects flood waters have on human
lives and property damage.
Each of the different measures vary in cost and
technology and each has specific benefits.

CONCLUSIONS

Flood controls are not meant to prevent a flood of any size.
Their design is meant to attenuate floodwaters and
floodwaves of a certain return period based on a cost
riskanalysis (oftentimes 100yr events).
An increase in channel conveyance provides flood control
by allowing floodwaves to pass more freely downstream.
Levees create a physical barrier to contain floodwaters and
protect floodplain from being flooded.
Floodways provide floodwave attenuation through diversion
away from the river.


References:
Pumnia.B.C, Pande. B. B. Lal, A. K. Jain,
Irrigation and Water Power Engineering,