Global Warming

Presented by S.Praveen kumar Department of civil engg vlbjcet

What is global warming?

The increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, caused by the increased levels of certain gases, e.g. carbon dioxide, CFC

How Global Warming Works

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) (coal, oil, natural gas)

What is CLIMATE CHANGE ?????????

Climate Change Means:

Longer droughts Hotter oceans Melting ice caps Rapid sea level rise

Effects could be:

More powerful, destructive hurricanes Harm to agriculture and economies

Flooding of coastlines and coastal cities

Worst impacts on poor communities and developing countries

Earths Temperature
Solar
Sun

Energy Solar Energy

Earths Temperature
Sun

Solar Energy

Radiative Cooling

Earths Temperature
Sun

Solar
Radiative Cooling

Energy

Earths Temperature
Sun

Solar Energy

Radiative Cooling

What causes it?

Human ImpactsGreenhouse Gases:
*CO2

*methane *nitrous oxide *fluorinated compounds

What causes it?

Natural Impacts:
*Change in suns energy output

*Volcanoes *Water vapor

*clouds

What is greenhouse effect? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a natural occurrence that maintains Earth's average temperature at

approximately 60 degrees Fahrenheit

Under normal conditions some of the sun's heat is radiated back into space The 'Greenhouse Effect' occurs when heat is trapped in the atmosphere by gases

16 Source: OSTP

Sun

Greenhouse Effect

Example of the Greenhouse Effect

The Suns energy passes through the cars windshield.

This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car and cannot pass back through the windshield, causing the inside of the car to warm up.

Earths Atmospheric Gases

Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)

NonGreenhouse 99% Gases

Greenhouse 1% Gases

Sun Runaway

Greenhouse Effect

97% carbon dioxide 3% nitrogen Water & sulfuric acid clouds Temperature: 860F

Venus

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are increasing

Carbon dioxide is produced from burning wood, coal, gas, etc. The amount in the atmosphere has risen from 280 ppm (100+ years ago) to 370 ppm today. This increase in carbon dioxide is the atmosphere is increasing the heat being absorbed from the earth.
22

What can happen if we dont produce less CO2 ?

Temperatures will get warmer. Glaciers will melt, ice sheets in Artic will melt (Polar Bears hunt on ice sheets) Sea levels will rise. Utah will be on Pacific Coast. NOT! More droughts in dry areas and more rain and snow in wet areas. More violent weather around the world.23

420 370 CO2 (ppm)

Carbon Dioxide Levels

Readings CO2 Levels Since 1958 370 350 330 310 40 30 20 10 0 CO2 (ppm)

320
270 220 170 600000

400000 Time

200000

Worldwide Carbon Emissions

Carbon (109 metric tons)
8 7 6

5
4 3 2 1

Total Liquid fuel Solid fuel Gas fuel

0 1750

1800

1850 1900 Year

1950

2000

Annual Carbon Emissions

8

Carbon (109 metric tons)

Annual carbon emissions Atmospheric CO2 Atmospheric CO2 average

0 1955

1965

1975 1985 Year

1995

2005

2100

If nothing is done to slow greenhouse gas emissions. . .

CO2 concentrations will likely

be more than 700 ppm by 2100

Global average temperatures

projected to increase between 2.5 - 10.4F

27 Source: OSTP

Future Carbon Dioxide Levels

Increasing CO2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries Likely to double within 150 years:
Increased coal usage Increased natural gas usage Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply)

Orbital Parameters: Precession

Apehelion

Perihelion

Orbital Parameters: Obliquity

24.5 22.5

Orbital Parameters: Eccentricity

Maximum: 0.061 Minimum: 0.005

Apehelion Apehelion

Perihelion

Not To Scale! to scale!

Consequences of Global Warming

Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere

Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean
Land Ocean

Temperature Change (C)

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere

0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 1920 1960 Year 2000 1920 1960 Year 2000

Ice Sheets Melting?

GRACE (gravity measured by satellite) found melting of Antarctica equivalent to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/century) Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar altimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting Greenland ice melting on exterior, accumulating inland (higher precipitation)

Rise in Sea Levels?

Present rate is 1.8 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/century) Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 0.006 mm/yr2 If acceleration continues, could result in 12 in/century sea level rise Scenarios claiming 1 meter or more rise are unrealistic

Sea Level Rise Causes

http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/slides/04.02.htm. 4/30/2007

Increase in Hurricanes?
Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) Probably due to higher sea surface temperatures (more energy) Difficult to know if this trend will continue

How Much Temperature Increase?

Some models propose up to 9C increase this century Two studies put the minimum at 1.5C and maximum at 4.5C or 6.2C Another study puts the minimum at 2.5C

Whats the difference between global warming and climate change?

Difference
GLOBAL WARMING is the increase of the Earths average surface temperature due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. CLIMATE CHANGE is a broader term that refers to longterm changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation.

Effects of Global Warming

Effects of Global Warming

Rising Sea Level Increased Temperature

Habitat Damage and Species Affected

Changes in Water Supply

Wildlife Effects
Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live Might eventually go extinct in the wild

Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands as their birth Could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded

Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world

Effect on Humans
Fewer deaths from cold, more from heat Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic

CO2 fertilization effect Precipitation changes

Droughts and famine (some areas)

Whats the proof that global warming is taking place?

Portage Glacier
Alaska

1914

2004

Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

Colorado River
Arizona

June 2002

Dec 2003

Why is global warming happening?

Burning of Fossil Fuels

Pollution from coal, natural gas, and oil

When did global warming start?

Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

How is global warming measured?

Ice Core Data

CO2 Measurements Before 1958 - Antarctica

CO2 Atmospheric Measurements

Global

Warming:
Shifting Gears

Billions of Metric Tons Carbon

Goal: Reductions in 2007 CO2 Per Year

Our Goal
of Metric Billions Carbon Tons Carbon Gigaton

2007

Reductions in CO2 Per Year

Produce electricity efficiently Use electricity efficiently Vehicle efficiency Solar and Wind Power Biofuels Carbon capture and storage

Whats being done now to reduce our emissions?

Wind Power

Solar Power

Fuel-Efficiency

Changes In Vehicle Systems

http://autozine.kyul.net/technical_school/engin e/tech_pic_eng_prius.jpg

Hybrid
http://www.redjellyfish.com/newim ages/merlin.jpg

Fuel Cell

http://www.evworld.com/archives/te stdrives/carpicts/ecom_sm.jpg

Battery-Electric

What can you do to help solve the problem?

Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV when youre not using it. Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.

Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or

curtains. Turn off the lights when you leave a room. Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

Be Bulb SmartUse CFLs

Incandescent

Whats the difference?

Compact Fluorescent

500 lbs. of coal

1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided $30 saved

Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when its hot instead of turning

up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan. Dress warmly when its cold instead of turning up the heat. Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace clean. Walk short distances instead of asking for a ride in the car. Recycle. Plant a tree.

Mitigation of Global Warming

Conservation
Reduce energy needs Recycling

Alternate energy sources

Nuclear Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Solar Fusion?

Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations

1. 2. 3. 4. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery Deep saline formations (a) offshore (b) onshore CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery

3b
3a

Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7

AS A STUDENT WHAT WE CAN DO? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our generation.

Solving it is our greatest opportunity.

Many people are talking about the problem.

The revolution starts on campus.

Students at 365+ colleges and high schools are already part of the Campus Climate Challenge, campaigning to make their schools leaders in solving global warming.

 We can show the public what

is possible. Every time we convince a

school to use 100% clean energy, we push the envelope. We want this to happen in more places than ever.

We can educate our generation about global warming solutions. Even if every
Current as of 10/25/06

campus in the country cut its global warming pollution to zero tomorrow, it wouldnt be enough to stop climate change. We have to make sure all of our peers know about climate change, how to stop it, and that we must stop it.

Campaign Elements
Television Radio Web Banners Print (newspaper, magazine) Out-of-home Public Relations

Web Banners

Print (magazine and newspaper)

Out-of-home

Conclusions
Global warming is happening Most warming is probably the result of human activities There will be positive and negative (mostly) repercussions from global warming The costs to mitigate global warming will be high better spent elsewhere?

Thank You !!