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Fossen Chapter 2

Deformation
Components of deformation,
displacement field, and particle paths
Displacement
Deformation Matrix

|D
11
D
12
D
13
|
D
ij
=

|D
21
D
22
D
23
|
|D
31
D
32
D
33
|

Linear Transformation:
x=Dx or x=D
-1
x

|D
11
D
12
D
13
| |x
1
| = |x
1
|
|D
21
D
22
D
23
| |x
2
| = |x
2
|
|D
31
D
32
D
33
| |x
3
| = |x
3
|

Nine quantities needed to define the
homogeneous strain matrix
|e
11
e
12
e
13
|
|e
21
e
22
e
23
|
|e
31
e
32
e
33
|

e
ij
, for i=j, represent changes in length of 3
initially perpendicular lines

e
ij
, for i=j, represent changes in angles
between lines
Total deformation
of an object

(a) displacement vectors
connecting initial to final
particle position

(b)-(e) particle paths

(b), (c) Displacement field

Homogeneous deforamation
Pure and simple shear deformation of brachiopods,
ammonites, and dikes
Homogeneity depends on scale
The overall strain is heterogeneous.

In some domains, strain is homogeneous
Discrete or discontinuous deformation
can be viewed as continuous or homogeneous
depending on the scale of observation
Extension by faulting
| is the same as stretch for extensional
basins!
PURE SHEAR: Constant volume, coaxial,
plane (i.e., 2D) strain
Shortening in one direction (k
y
) is
balanced by extension in the other (k
x
)

Deformation matrix (diagonal)
|K
x
0 |
|0 k
y
| where k
y
= 1/k
x


SIMPLE SHEAR: Constant volume, non-
coaxial, plane strain (i.e., 2D)
i.e., e
z
=0 across the page!
Has two circular sections: xz (slip
plane) and yz
Lines parallel to the principal axes
rotate with progressive deformation

Deformation matrix (triangular)
| 1 |
|0 1| where is the shear strain


Involves a change in orientation of
material lines along two of the
principal axes (here:
1
and
2
)
Shear Strain
Shear strain (angular strain) = tan

A measure of change in angle between two lines which were
originally perpendicular. Is also dimensionless!

The small change in angle is angular shear or





Rotation of Lines
Perpendicular lines that are originally parallel
to the incremental principal axes of strain, will
remain perpendicular after strain
Rotational and Irrotational Strain
If the strain axes have the same orientation
in the deformed as in undeformed state we
describe the strain as a non-rotational (or
irrotational) strain

If the strain axes end up in a rotated
position, then the strain is rotational
Examples
An example of a non-rotational strain is pure
shear - it's a pure strain with no dilation of
the area of the plane

An example of a rotational strain is a simple
shear
Coaxial Strain
Non-coaxial Strain
Angular shear strain is the change in
angle between two initially
perpendicular lines A & B
CW is +
CCW is -
Classific
ation of
strain
ellipse

Field 2
is used
since
X>Y
No
ellipse
1+e
1
=1
= 1+e
1

=

1
+
e
2

1+e
2
=1
e
1
& e
2
=0
e
1
>0
e
2
<0
Field 3: e
1
<0 & e
2
<0
Field 1: e
1
>0 & e
2
>0
Graphic representation of strain ellipse
Point A (1,1) represents an undeformed circle (
1
=
2
= 1)
Because by definition,
1
>
2
, all strain ellipses fall below
or on a line of unit slope drawn through the origin

All dilations fall on the
1
=
2
line through the origin

All other strain ellipses fall into one of three fields:
1. Above the
2
=1 line where both principal extensions are +
2. To the left of the
1
=1 where both principal extensions are
3. Between two fields where one is (+) and the other (-)
Shapes of the Strain Ellipse
S1 = 1; S3 < 1.0
S1 > 1; S3 = 1.0
S1S3 > 1.0
S1 > 1.0
S3 < 1.0
plane strain (S1S3 = 1.0) is
special case in this field
from: Davis and Reynolds, 1996
S1S3 < 1.0
S
3
=
\

3

S
1
=\
3

Structures depend on the orientation of the layer
relative to the principal stretches and value of s
2
Flinn Diagram
a. Flinn diagram

b. Hsu diagram
Flinn Diagram
b =1
Y/Z = 1
Y=Z
Volume change on Flinn Diagram
Recall: S=1+e = l'/l
o
and

e
v
= ov/v
o
=(v-v
o
)/v
o


An original cube of sides 1 (i.e., l
o
=1), gives v
o
=1

Since stretch S=l'/l
o
, and l
o
=1, then S=l'

The deformed volume is therefore: v'=l'. l'. l'

Orienting the cube along the principal axes
V' =S1.S2.S3 = (1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
)
Since ov =(v-v
o
), for v
o
=1 we get:

ov =(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
)-1

Given v
o
=1, since e
v
= ov/v
o
, then
e
v
= ov =(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
) -1
1+e
v
=(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
)

If volumetric strain, Av = e
v
= 0, then:
(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
) = 1 i.e., XYZ=1

Express 1+e
v
=(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
) in e & take log:
ln(1+e
v
) = e
1
+e
2
+e
3

Rearrange: (e
1
-e
2
)=(e
2
-e
3
)-3e
2
+ln(1+e
v
)
Plane strain (e
2
=0) leads to:
(e
1
-e
2
)=(e
2
-e
3
)+ln(1+e
v
)
[straight line: y=mx+b; with slope, m=1]

Ramsay Diagram
Ramsay Diagram
Small strains are near the origin

Equal increments of progressive strain (i.e., strain path) plot
along straight lines

Unequal increments plot as curved plots
If A
v
=e
v
is the

volumetric strain, then:

1+A
v
=(1+e
1
)(1+e
2
)(1+e
3
) c = lnS=ln(1+e)

It is easier to examine A
v
on this plot
Take log from both sides and substitute c for ln(1+e)
ln(A
v
+1)= c
1
+ c
2
+

c
3


If A
v
>0, the lines intersect the ordinate
If A
v
<0, the lines intersect the abscissa
Compaction
involves strain
(can be viewed
as shrinkage
and strain.

The order is not
important.

Final cases are
the same!

States of strain:

Uniaxial, planar,
and 3D

General Strain:
Involves extension
or shortening in
each of the
principal directions
of strain

1
>

2
>
3
all = 1

Extension along
X compensated
with equal
shortening along
Y and Z
shortening along Z
compensated with equal
extension along Y and Z
Z
X
shortening along Z
compensated with equal
extension along Y and Z
e
2
= 0
X
Z
Y
X
Y
Y
Z
Z
X
Y
Z
Strain ellipse: Prolate spheroid or cigar shaped Strain ellipse:oblate spheroid or pancake shaped
The strain
ellipsoid

Note: error on
the figure!

|1+e
1
|= X=S
1
|1+e
2
|= Y=S
2
|1+e
3
|= Z=S
3
Strain ellipse
Isotropic volume change
(involves no strains)
Anisotropic
volume change
by uniaxial
shortening
(compaction)
Compaction
reduces the
dips of both
layers and
fault
Simple shear and shear direction refer to the
more general type of deformation such as the
subsimple shear
The most important
deformation
parameters:

Boundary conditions
control the flow
parameters, which
over time produce
strain
Particle paths (green) and flow apophyses (blue)
describing flow patterns for planar deformations.
The apophyses are orthogonal for pure shear, oblique for
subsimple shear, and coincident for simple shear
Progressive strain during simple shear
and pure shear
Simple
shearing of
three sets
of lines
Lines in the
contraction and
extension fields
experience a
history of
contraction and
extension,
respectively.
Pure shearing
of three sets
of orthogonal
lines
Subsimple
shearing of
three sets of
orthogonal
lines
Restored and current profile across the North Sea
rift. Locally, it is modeled as simple shear, but is
better treated as pure shear on larger scale

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