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Water Conservation 1/66
Copyright Training 4 Today 2001
Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
INSTRUCTOR
Insert Instructor Name Here
OBJECTIVES
Discuss the Need for Water Conservation. Discuss the Need for Monitoring, Submetering, and Leak Detection. Explain How Water Pressure Relates to Water Conservation. Discuss Water Recycling and Water Reuse. Discuss Cooling Water Conservation. Discuss Industrial Water Conservation Measures.
GOALS
Understand the Need for Water Conservation. Understand the Need for Monitoring, Submetering, and Leak Detection.
BACKGROUND
Drought costs ranchers and farmers an estimated $6-8 billion a year, more than damages caused by floods or hurricanes. The Dust Bowl Drought from 1931-1938 affected 50 million acres of land and left thousands of farmers homeless. In 1999 drought caused 1,695 counties in 44 states to be declared agricultural disaster areas.
LEARNERS
Supervisors
Facility Engineers
Maintenance Personnel Department Managers
Building Occupants
Process Specialists Environmental and Safety Committees
OVERVIEW
The goal of this course is to provide supervisors with the tools needed to help conserve water. It recommends practical, actions that can be carried out by facility management, maintenance personnel and building occupants. The course will help you to integrate good water conservation management activities into your existing organization and identify which of your staff have the necessary skills to carry out those activities.
WHAT IS A DROUGHT?
The National Weather Service defines a drought as a period of abnormally dry weather that persists long enough to produce a serious hydrologic imbalance (for example crop damage, water supply shortage, etc.) The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration and the size of the affected area.
MONITORING
Provides baseline information on quantities of overall company water use, the seasonal and hourly patterns of water use, and the quantities and quality of water use in individual processes. Baseline information on water use can be used to set company goals and to develop specific water use efficiency measures. Monitoring also raises employee awareness. Records of meter readings can be used to identify changes in water use rates and possible problems in a system.
Water Conservation 13/66
Copyright Training 4 Today 2001
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SUBMETERING
The practice of placing water meters throughout a facility is called submetering. Submetering helps account for water usage and can help in the process of leak detection. Areas to consider submetering are landscaped areas, cafeterias, laundries, and major industrial equipment that use water. Submetering makes water users more aware of how much water they use and its cost. By placing meters and monitoring those meters throughout a facility, experts estimate that a facility can help reduce water usage by 20 to 40 percent.
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Copyright Training 4 Today 2001
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METER ACCURACY
Water meters can be damaged and deteriorate with age, thus producing inaccurate readings. All meters, especially older meters, should be tested for accuracy on a regular basis. Meters that are used to measure large volumes of water may be too large for a customer's level of use and will tend to under-register water use. A Meter testing, calibration, repair, and replacement program needs to be established.
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LEAK DETECTION
Repairing leaks saves money on water bills. The early detection of leaks also reduces the chances that leaks will cause major property damage. A leak detection strategy needs to employ regular on-site testing methods for detecting leaks along water distribution mains, valves, services, and meters. Leak detection programs are especially important in facilities that have large, old, deteriorating systems.
LEAK DETECTION
Automated sensors/telemetry. Remote sensors and monitoring software can alert personnel to leaks, fluctuations in pressure, problems with equipment integrity, and other concerns. Visual inspection program. This may include pipe inspection, cleaning, lining, and other maintenance efforts to improve the distribution system and prevent leaks and ruptures from occurring.
WATER AUDITS
Audits of large-volume users. Begin by identifying the categories of water use for the large-volume user. These may include process, sanitary, domestic, heating, cooling, outdoor, and other water uses. Second, a water audit should identify areas in which overall water use efficiency can be improved through alternative technologies or practices. Large-landscape audits. Effective audit programs can save 10 to 20 percent for both general industrial water usage and for large landscape water audits.
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WATER RECYCLING
Water recycling is the reuse of water for the same application for which it was originally used. Factors that should be considered in a water recycling program include: - Identification of water reuse opportunities - Evaluation of the minimum water quality needed for a particular use - Evaluation of water quality degradation resulting from the use - Determination of the treatment steps.
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WATER REUSE
Water reuse is the use of wastewater or reclaimed water (sometimes called graywater) from one application for another application. Some potential applications include other industrial uses in cooling water at power plants and oil refineries or industrial process water for such facilities as paper mills and carpet dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing, and artificial lakes. Reused water can also be used in landscape irrigation, agricultural irrigation, aesthetic uses such as fountains, and fire protection.
WATER REUSE
Factors that should be considered in an industrial water reuse program include: Identification of water reuse opportunities Determination of the minimum water quality needed for the given use Identification of wastewater sources that satisfy the water quality requirements Determination of how the water can be transported to the new use
EVAPORATION COOLERS
The principal use of water by evaporative coolers is to increase the humidity of incoming air being drawn into a building and decrease its temperature. The buildings air cools as it absorbs the moisture. Evaporative coolers require an annual maintenance check-up for the most efficient cooling.
OZONATION
The use of ozone to treat cooling tower water (ozonation): Can result in a 99% reduction in the appearance of bacteria. And personnel no longer have to handle chlorine, bromine, phosphates, and other chemicals. It helps keep the metal surfaces of pipes and equipment clean, making equipment more energy efficient. Controls corrosion by producing a protective coating on metal surfaces, extending equipment life. Acts as a strong disinfectant. Can use lower amounts of high-quality water and it reduces cooling tower blowdown water consumption by 50 to 90%.
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ONCE-THROUGH COOLING
Many facilities have one or more pieces of equipment cooled by a single-pass flow of water. After passing through and cooling the equipment, the water is usually discarded to a sanitary sewer system. Equipment that might use a once-through cooling system include degreasers, rectifiers, hydraulic equipment, x-ray machines, condensers, and viscosity baths. Also air conditioners, air compressors, hydraulic presses, welders and vacuum pumps.
ONCE-THROUGH COOLING
Alternatives for more efficient ways of cooling include: Air heat exchange Closed-loop recycled water. Use the pass-through water for landscape irrigation or other graywater uses.
METAL FINISHING
Platers and finishers, printed circuit board operators, fabricators, integrated circuit metal fabricators and other facilities use numerous process rinses and reaction baths. Water is essential in the manufacturing process for these facilities. There are several water conserving methods that manufacturers should consider including: Flow Monitoring and Control, First Stage Static Tanks, Counterflow Rinsing, Spray Rinsing, Membrane Technologies, Ion Exchange and Electrolyte Recovery.
METAL FINISHING
Flow Monitoring and Control Flow meters and manually-operated valves are relatively simple to operate and low in cost to install. Require operator attentiveness and knowledge of allowable rinse tank concentrations. Automatic control of rinsewater flows is possible using conductivity control or measurements of total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations in rinses to control electrically operated valves.
METAL FINISHING
First Stage Static Tank For multi-tank rinsing, the first tank may be a static rinse tank rather than a continuous overflow tank. Water conservation is achieved by a high percentage of the drag-out is discharged into this first rinse tank. The first rinse tank can be allowed to become more concentrated than the rinses that follow it. Less water is used to periodically dump and refill the tank than for continuous overflow dilution.
METAL FINISHING
Counterflow Rinsing.
METAL FINISHING
Spray Rinsing Spray rinse systems may offer significant rinse water savings. As much as 60% reduction has been claimed by such systems when compared to immersion tanks. Spray rinsing should be combined with an automatic spray system that will reduce the chance of operator error.
METAL FINISHING
Membrane Technologies There are at least four different types of membrane technologies that include Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis. Generally, membrane technology is easy to maintain and operate. Pressure is applied to the feed side of the membrane which causes water and some selected solids to pass through.
METAL FINISHING
Ion Exchange Ion exchange is another common method and it involves the use of deionized water for removing contaminants from products and equipment. Deionized water contains no ions (such as salts), which tend to corrode or deposit onto metals. The reuse of once-used deionized water for a different application should also be considered.
METAL FINISHING
Electrolytic Recovery This process removes metal ions from solution, oxidizes cyanide, and reduces chromium in wastewaters. Metal ions are reduced at a cathode while oxygen evolves at an anode. This method conserves water by keeping a low metals concentration in the drag-out recovery tank, minimizing drag-out to the the rinse tank(s). This method is effective with copper, tin, silver, and other metals.
LAUNDRIES
Reprogram machines to eliminate a rinse or suds cycle, if possible, and not restricted by health regulations. Reduce water levels, where possible, to minimize water required per load of washing. Wash full loads only. Evaluate wash formula and machine cycles for water use efficiency. When purchasing new machines, buy water-saving models.
BATHROOM WATER
To calculate the savings from a retrofit program, planners are required to make a number of assumptions about water use and savings. Some of the assumptions used in retrofitting are: Toilets (4-6 flushes per person per day) Showerheads (5-15 shower-use minutes per person per day) Bathroom Faucets (1/2 to 3 faucet-use minutes per person per day)
LOW-FLUSH TOILETS
More than 4.8 billion gallons of water is flushed down toilets each day in the United States. The average American uses about 9,000 gallons of water to flush 230 gallons of waste down the toilet per year. Conventional toilets use 3.5 to 5 gallons or more of water per flush, but low-flush toilets use only 1.6 gallons of water or less. Effective January 1, 1994, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486) requires that all new toilets produced for home use must operate on 1.6 gallons per flush or less.
LOW-FLOW SHOWERHEADS
Showers account for about 20 percent of total indoor nonindustrial water use. By replacing standard 4.5gallon-per-minute showerheads with 2.5-gallon-per-minute heads, which cost less than $5 each, one study found that shower water use was reduced over 34% with low flow showerheads.
FAUCETS
Faucet aerators can be easily installed and can reduce the water use at a faucet by as much as 60 percent while still maintaining a strong flow. Other options to consider are metered faucets (which stay open for a pre-set period of time and then close), self-closing faucets (which close as soon as you let go of the knob) and automatic sensor controlled faucets.
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Businesses can save water in landscaping by using the principles of Xeriscape, an efficiency-oriented approach to landscaping that encompasses seven essential principles: Planning and design Limited turf areas Efficient irrigation Soil improvement Mulching Use of lower water demand plants Appropriate maintenance
Water Conservation 49/66
Copyright Training 4 Today 2001
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Planning and design Sketch your landscape with locations of existing structures, trees, shrubs and grass areas. Then consider the landscape budget, appearance, function, maintenance and water requirements. "Right Plant, Right Place": Select plants appropriately based upon their adaptability to climate, micro-climate, geological, and topographical conditions of the site. Protect and preserve native species. Use only ornamental fountains that incorporate water recirculation should be installed and operated.
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Limited turf areas When considering a landscape's water requirement, it is important to note that turf grasses require more frequent watering and maintenance than most other landscape plants. When at all possible, minimize turf and other high water use, ornamental plants sparingly and only where necessary (such as sports fields, recreation areas and site entries). Avoid placing turf in long narrow areas and small odd-shaped areas.
Water Conservation 51/66
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Efficient Irrigation Hydrozones: Separate the landscape area plants with similar water needs in a similar microclimate. Provide water budget statement estimation. Design irrigation systems to avoid runoff. Incorporate electronic controllers with precise individual timing. Utilize irrigation-only meters (deduct meters). Use drip or other low volume irrigation whenever possible.
Water Conservation 52/66
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Soil improvement To increase plant health and conserve water, analyze your soil. If needed, add organic matter to the soil of shrub and flower bed areas. This increases the soil's ability to absorb and store water in a form available to the plant. As a rule-of-thumb, till in 4 to 6 inches of organic material such as shredded pine bark, peat and rice hulls. For trees, however, incorporating organic matter is not necessary; for large turf grass areas, it is not economically feasible.
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Mulching Mulch is a layer of nonliving material covering the soil surface around plants. Mulches can be organic or inorganic materials. Use a mulch at least once a year. A good mulch conserves water by significantly reducing moisture evaporation from the soil. Mulch also reduces weed populations, prevents soil compaction and keeps soil temperatures moderate.
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Use of lower water demand plants Utilize native plants that are drought resistant first in your landscaping. Utilize non-native plants only if they are drought resistant. Consult your local nursery for the best selection of trees, shrubs and plants.
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Appropriate maintenance Plant establishment: Provide plant establishment period of 2-3 years. During this time, all plants should be sufficiently watered and not be subject to a water budget. Provide for the reduction and eventual elimination of supplemental irrigation for low water / drought tolerant plants after establishment period. Appropriate maintenance preserves the beauty of the Xeriscape landscape plus saves water. Pruning, weeding, proper fertilization, pest control and irrigation system adjustments all conserve water.
EDUCATION
Educating the workforce A successful water conservation program starts with educating the workforce. Supervisors should understand water bills, water usage rates and the companys water system. Maintenance personnel should be familiar with water usage within the company. Shop personnel should be instructed on water conservation measures. Water conservation education should be a continual process.
EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION
Employee Participation and Public Awareness. Start off your awareness program with a letter to all employees from the head of the company showing full support of the plan. Use bulletins, newsletters, and paycheck stuffers to communicate policies, programs, ideas etc. Hold staff meetings to communicate your companys water conservation plan and progress in water savings. Promote a suggestion and incentive system and recognize people who have water saving ideas. Distribute water conservation booklets. Promote slogan and poster contests.
Water Conservation 59/66
Copyright Training 4 Today 2001
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