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Welcome To Our Presentation On

CDMA

Zarin Tasnim Nova ID No: 093-19-1166

Multiplexing is a technique of combining/mixing the signals to send trough a single link where as multiple access means providing resources to the users like sharing the allocating time or bandwidth for the user. Examples: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA etc.

CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access: A method for

transmitting multiple digital signals simultaneously over the same carrier frequency (the same channel). CDMA provides up to 10 times the calling capacity of earlier analog networks (AMPS) and up to five times the capacity of GSM systems. CDMA is also the basis for the WCDMA and HSPA 3G technologies used by GSM carriers .

How the Technology Works


Transmitting from the Base Station Each voice conversation is compressed with a vocoder. The

output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. Each bit from the encoder is replicated 64 times and exclusive OR'd with a Walsh code that is used to identify that call from the rest. The output of the Walsh code is exclusive OR'd with the next string of bits (PN sequence) from a pseudo-random number generator, which is used to identify all the calls in a particular cell's sector. At this point, there is 128 times as many bits as there were from the vocoder's output. All the calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency in the 800 MHz range.

How the Technology Works

Ashika Anjum ID No : 093-19-1165

How the Technology Works


Receiving at the Cellphone

The received frequencies are quantized into bits by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is run through the Walsh code and PN sequence correlation receiver to recover the transmitted bits of the original signal. A Viterbi decoder corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The Viterbi output goes to the vocoder and digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound).

How the Technology Works

Advantages of CDMA include:


Increased cellular communications security. Simultaneous conversations. Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve

more subscribers. Smaller phones. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators. Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

Disadvantages of CDMA include:


Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are

not known to the engineering community. CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.

Thank you all for joining the session

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