Unrestrained Beam

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,
SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,

INSDAG Calcutta
1
UNRESTRAINED BEAM
DESIGN

INSDAG Calcutta
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Response of beams to vertical loading
Category 1:Plastic hinge formation
Category 2:Lateral deflection and twist
Category 3:Local buckling of
i) Flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due to
concentrated loads
Category 4:Local failure by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
iii) Buckling of thin flanges

UNRESTRAINED BEAM DESIGN
INSDAG Calcutta
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(a) Short span beam, (b) Vertical deflection of the beam.
(b)
(a)
l
W
Undeflected position
Deflected position
W
SHORT SPAN BEAM
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(a) Long span beam, (b) Laterally deflected shape of the beam
(a)
(b)
l
W
Horizontal
movement
After
buckling
Before
buckling
Twisting
W W
LONG SPAN BEAM
INSDAG Calcutta
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SIMILARITY OF COLUMN BUCKLING AND
LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Column Beam
Short span Axial
compression
& attainment
of squash load
Bending in the plane of
loads and attaining
plastic capacity
Long span Initial
shortening
and lateral
buckling
Initial vertical deflection
and lateral torsional
buckling
Pure flexural mode
Function of slenderness
Coupled lateral
deflection and twist
function of slenderness
Both have tendency to fail by buckling in their weaker plane

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SIMILARITY OF COLUMN BUCKLING AND BEAM BUCKLING -1
B
B
M
u
u
M
Section B-B
Beam buckling

EI
x
>EI
y

EI
x
>GJ
u
P
P
Y
X
Z
Section B-B
B
B
Column buckling

3
l
y
EI
l
EA
>
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Characteristic feature of lateral buckling

Entire cross section rotates in a rigid manner without
any cross sectional distortion

Lateral instability possible only if

i) Section has different stiffness in two principal planes
ii) Applied loading is in the stiffer plane
SIMILARITY OF COLUMN BUCKLING AND BEAM BUCKLING -2
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OPEN AND CLOSED SECTIONS
Channel Angle Wide Flange
Beam
Open sections
Closed sections
Tubular
Box
Standard
beam
Tee
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LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF SYMMETRIC
SECTIONS
Assumptions
Beam undistorted
Elastic behaviour
Loading by equal and opposite moments in the
plane of the web
No residual stresses
Ends are simply supported vertically and laterally
The bending moment at which a beam fails by
lateral buckling when subjected to uniform end
moment is called its elastic critical moment (M
cr
)

INSDAG Calcutta
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(a) ORIGINAL BEAM (b) LATERALLY BUCKLED BEAM
M
Plan
Elevation
l
M
Section
(a)

Lateral Deflection
y
z
(b)
Twisting
x
A
A
Section A-A
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M
cr
= [ (Torsional resistance )
2
+ (Warping resistance )
2
]
1/2

(or)

( )
2
1
2
y
2
y cr
L
I E
J G I E
L
M
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
( )
2
1
2
2
2
1
y cr
J G L
E
1 J G I E
L
M
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
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FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL STABILITY
Loading and support condition
Material properties and shape of the beam
Length of the beam
Support Conditions
Lowest M
cr
for basic case
Other support conditions
Effective length parameter
Accounts indirectly for lateral and torsional rigidity by
the restraints

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Destabilising Effect
Restoring Effect
40% change in buckling load
Notional effective length
Lateral stability increases with provision of lateral
supports
EFFECT OF LEVEL OF LOADING ON
BEAM STABILITY
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Top flange loading
10
12
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

V
a
l
u
e

O
f

w
w
w
Bottom flange loading
Shear center
loading
Value of l
2
G J / E I

10 100 1000
4
2
4
6
8
14
w
EFFECT OF LEVEL OF LOADING ON BEAM STABILITY- I
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TYPES OF LOADING
a) Uniform moment
i) Simple Analysis
ii) Most severe loading
b) Moment gradient
Equivalent uniform moment
= ( M
min
) / (M
max
)
Equivalent uniform moment factor , m
m = 0.57+ 0.33 + 0.1
2
> 0.43

M = M
cr
/ m Critical moment due to actual loading
INSDAG Calcutta
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NON UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF BENDING MOMENT
M
min M
max
M
min
Positive|
M
max
M
min
M
min
Negative|
M
max
M
max
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M FACTOR FOR EQUIVALENT
UNIFORM MOMENT
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.5 -1.0
0.5
1.0
Ratio of moments M
cr
/ M

|
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Check for local stresses
M
MAX
s M
P

Two methods of design

Method I
Equivalent uniform moment
= m M
MAX
against M
b
(buckling strength)
M
max
< (M
b
/ m)
M
max
< M
P --
for loading at restraints

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Method II
ii) M
b
value using effective slenderness ratio

LT
=
LT

Maximum moment occurs within the span n
slenderness reduction factor, is applied to
slenderness ratio
LT

n =

Either m or n factor may be used.
Safe to use m=1 or n=1

m
m
INSDAG Calcutta
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MOMENT CAPACITY OF BEAMS
Lateral torsional slenderness
LT

M
o
m
e
n
t

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r

M

/

M
p

144.0
0.0
36.0 72.0 108.0
1.0
M
b
(i)=M
b
/ m
M
b
(ii)
M
b

Method ii
Method i
LT
=
LT

LT

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R
a
t
i
o

o
f

M

C
r

o
f

t
h
e

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d

t
o

M
C
r

o
f

b
o
x

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

EFFECT OF TYPE OF CROSS
SECTION
0.001
10 20 30 40 50 60
70
0.01
0.1
Ratio of length to depth
l
d
d
d
d
10.0
l/d
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REAL BEAMS

Plasticity effects
M
cr
> M
y

1) > 1.2 Elastic lateral buckling

2) 0.4 < < 1.2 Inelastic lateral buckling

3) < 0.4 Yielding

cr
P
M
M
cr
P
M
M
cr
P
M
M
INSDAG Calcutta
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STRAIN / STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND
YIELDING OF SECTION
Strain
distribution
Stress
distribution
Spread of yield
(Elastic perfectly plastic material behaviour is assumed)
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INTERACTION BETWEEN
INSTABILITY AND PLASTICITY
Elastic buckling M=M
cr

Plastic failure M = M
p
1.0
M
y
/ M
P
M
yr
/ M
P
M
o
m
e
n
t

r
a
t
i
o

M

/

M
p

Modified Slenderness
0.0
1.0
2.0
Inelastic buckling (no residual stress) M<M
Cr

Inelastic buckling (with
residual stress) M<M
y

M <M
cr

0.4 1.2
cr
M
p
M
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f
rc
RESIDUAL STRESSES IN I BEAMS
f
rc
f
rc
f
rt
f
rc
f
rt
f
rc
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BEAM FAILURE CURVE INCLUDING
INITIAL IMPERFECTION
Modified Slenderness
First yield of initially deformed beams at
M<M
cr
(no residual stress)
Elastic buckling M<M
cr

Initial
deformations
increasing
0.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
M
y
/ M
p
cr
/M
p
M
INSDAG Calcutta
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DESIGN APPROACH

Theoretical prediction is elastic, upper bound
Lateral buckling moment capacity
M
b
= p
b
S
X

slenderness of the beam

LT
=

LT
= n u v (L
e
/ r
y
)
n = slenderness correction factor
u = buckling parameter

LT
y
2
P
E
INSDAG Calcutta
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v = slenderness factor, f ((L / r
y
), x) (L=1.0)
x = torsional index
Lateral torsional slenderness ,

Substituting for M
P
and M
cr
,
LT
in pure geometrical
properties of the beam.

where u = is the buckling parameter

LT
( )
cr
P
y
2
M
M
p
E
LT
=
4
2
LT
x 20
1
1
u
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
( )
4
2
x
4
Ah
S
|
|
.
|
\
|
INSDAG Calcutta
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X = 0.566 is the torsional index

S
X
is the plastic section modulus (major axis)

= uv

where

Lateral stability
= m M
MAX

M
b
> - Section is satisfactory
M
Max
< M
P

J
A
LT
4
2
x 20
1
1
1
v
(
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
INSDAG Calcutta
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THEORETICAL ELASTIC CRITICAL MOMENT
0
0
0.2 0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
M
cr
/ M
p
Stocky
Intermediate
Slender
M

/

M
p

A A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A represents experimental
point

cr
M /
p
M =
LT
INSDAG Calcutta
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BENDING STRENGTH FOR ROLLED SECTIONS
OF DESIGN STRENGTH 240 N / mm
2

0
100
200
300
50
100
200
150 250
p
b
N / mm
2
LT

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CANTILEVER BEAMS

Notional effective length, k

More effective to prevent twist at the free edge

Overhangs of continuous beams

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CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Roof purlins before sheeting is provided
Temporary beams

Design for maximum effective length
Safe load for laterally continuous beam
lowest critical load assuming each segment as simply
supported at its ends.

INSDAG Calcutta
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SINGLE - SPAN BEAM
l
1
l
2
l
1

l
b

W
W
A B D C
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INTERACTION BETWEEN M
CR1
AND M
CR2

0
2
4
6
8
0.1 0.2
0.3
0.4
Dimensionless Load Position l
1
/l
B

0.5
0.37
Zero interaction point
M
cr2

M
cr1

Unbraced beams M
cr
= M
cruB

M
crB
INSDAG Calcutta
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CONTINUOUS BEAM AND LOADING
DEFLECTED SHAPE AND BUCKLED SHAPE
l
1
l
2

l
1

l
2

Deflected shape
Buckled shape
l
1

l
1

l
2

l
2

w
1
(udl) w
2
(udl) w
2
(udl)
INSDAG Calcutta
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Effective lateral restraint
Provision of proper lateral bracing improves lateral
stability
Discrete and continuous bracing
Cross sectional distortion in the hogging moment region
Discrete bracing
Level of attachment to the beam
Level of application of the transverse load
Type of connection
Properties of the beams
Bracing should be of sufficient stiffness to produce
buckling between braces
Sufficient strength to withstand force transformed by
beam before connecting
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M
M
K
b
BEAM WITH SINGLE LATERAL SUPPORT
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0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2
4
6 8 10
12 14
16
Non dimensional bracing stiffness K
b
l
3
/ 48 E I
y

l
2
G J / E I

=240
K
bl

K
bl

K
bl

K
bl

100
15
4
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN K
B
AND M
CR

INSDAG Calcutta
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Effective bracing if they can resist not less than

1) 1% of the maximum force in the compression
flange

2) Couple with lever arm distance between the flange
centroid and force not less than 1% of compression
flange force.

Temporary bracing

INSDAG Calcutta
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BEAMS WITH CONTINUOUS LATERAL
RESTRAINT
(a)
Beam fully
encased in
concrete
Friction
connection
(b)
Beam in friction
connection with
concrete
Concrete
topping
Light
weight
Steel
Decking
(c)
Beam with metal
decking
Shear
studs
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Mono symmetric beams

Non -Uniform beams

More efficient when bending moment varies along
the length of the beam.

Depth reduction of I beam do not affect lateral
buckling resistance.

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Unsymmetrical Section

Channel and Z section

For sections with symmetry about minor axis flanges
in the compression region are more advantageous
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W
y
x x
y
Shear center (s)
Centroid (c)
y
y
v
v
u
u
x
x
Centroid
and shear center

(a)
Channel section
(b)
Z-section
W
Loading through shear centre
CHANNEL AND Z SECTIONS
INSDAG Calcutta
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2 10 100 1000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Non dimensional torsional parameters 4 l
2

G J / E I
y
h
2

N
o
n

d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l

c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

m
o
m
e
n
t

M
c
r

/
(
E

I
y

G

J
)
1
/
2

EFFECT OF FLANGE POSITION AND
PROPORTION ON LATERAL STABILITY
INSDAG Calcutta
46
SUMMARY
Unrestrained beams , loaded in their stiffer planes
may undergo lateral torsional buckling

The prime factors that influence the buckling
strength of beams are

- The unbraced span
- Cross sectional shape
- Type of end restraint
- Distribution of moment
Contd.
INSDAG Calcutta
47
A simplified design approach has been presented

Behaviour of real beams (which do not comply
with theoretical assumptions ) is also described.

Lateral torsional buckling behaviour of cantilever
beams and continuous beams is presented .

Discrete and continuous restraints are presented.

Cases of mono symmetric beams , non uniform
beams and beams with unsymmetric sections are
discussed

Unrestrained Beam

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Unrestrained Beam

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Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

SERC Madras, ANNA Univ,

Teaching Resources (c) IIT Madras,

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