1

DC GENERATOR
ELECTRICAL MACHINES FEB24083
W. MUSTAFA W. SULONG
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GENERATOR PRINCIPLE

An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (
power ) into electrical energy ( power )

The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of
dynamically Induced e.m.f.

Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, e.m.f is produced to Faradays
laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f causes a current to flow if
the conductor circuit is closed.

Two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are :-

( a ) a magnetic field and
( b ) a conductor or conductor which can so move as to cut the flux.


3
DC GENERATOR
OPERATION




4
DC GENERATOR OPERATION



We noted earlier that Faradays law dictates that if a coil of N turns
experiences a change in magnetic flux, then the induced voltage V
is given by



If a coil of area A rotates with respect to a field B, and if at a
particular time it is at an angle u to the field, then the flux linking the
coil is BAcosu, and the rate of change of flux is given by


t

N V
d
d
=
( )
u e u
u u
cos cos
d
d
d
sin d
= = =
t t
BA
dt
d
5
DC GENERATOR OPERATION



Thus for the arrangement shown below
( )
u e
u
cos
d
sin d
d
d
NBA
t
NBA
t

N V = = =
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DC GENERATOR OPERATION



Therefore this arrangement produces a sinusoidal output as shown below
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DC GENERATOR OPERATION



Wires connected to the rotating coil would get twisted Therefore we use
circular slip rings with sliding contacts called brushes
8
DC GENERATOR OPERATION



The alternating signal from the earlier AC generator could be
converted to DC using a rectifier.

A more efficient approach is to replace the two slip rings with a single
split slip ring called a commutator, this is arranged so that
connections to the coil are reversed as the voltage from the coil
changes polarity hence the voltage across the brushes is of a single
polarity adding additional coils produces a more constant output
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DC GENERATOR OPERATION



Use of a commutator
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DC GENERATOR
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



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The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces a voltage in
the rotor (or armature) coils when the generator is rotated.
This induced voltage is represented by a voltage source.
The stator coil has resistance, which is connected in series.
The pole flux is produced by the DC excitation/field current, which is
magnetically coupled to the rotor
The field circuit has resistance and a source
The voltage drop on the brushes represented by a battery
DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



12
DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



s
V
e s
R
f
R
f
I
) (mech in
P P =
a
I
a
R L
I
g
E
L
V
L
R
Separately Excited dc generator Equivalent circuit

Where :
V
s
= Field supply voltage, V
I
f
= Field current, A
R
se
= Field control winding resistance, O
R
f
= Field winding resistance, O
R
a
= Armature winding resistance, O
E
g
= Generated voltage, V
V
L
= Load ( Terminal ) voltage, V
I
a
= Armature current, A
I
L
= Load current, A
R
L
= Load winding resistance,O


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DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



To calculate field current , I
f
;

I
f
= ( V
s
)/ ( R
se
+ R
f
)

To calculate armature current, I
a
;

I
a
= I
L
= P
L
/ V
L
* I
a
= I
L
( series component )

To calculate generated voltage, E
g
;

E
g
= I
a
R
a
+ V
L
+ V
brsh *
V
brush
= brush voltage drop
( if necessary )


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DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



) (mech in
P P =
a
I
a
R L
I
g
E
L
V
L
R
Series dc generator Equivalent circuit

Where :
R
a
= Armature winding resistance, O
E
g
= Generated voltage, V
V
L
= Load ( Terminal ) voltage, V
I
a
= Armature current, A
I
L
= Load current, A
R
L
= Load winding resistance,O


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DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT




To calculate armature current, I
a
;

I
a
= I
L
= P
L
/ V
L
* I
a
= I
L
( series component )

To calculate generated voltage, E
g
;

E
g
= I
a
R
a
+ V
L
+ V
brsh *
V
brush
= brush voltage drop
( if necessary )


16
DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT



) (mech in
P P =
a
I
a
R L
I
g
E
L
V
L
R
f
I
f
R
Shunt dc generator Equivalent circuit

Where :
I
f
= Field current, A
R
f
= Field winding resistance, O
R
a
= Armature winding resistance, O
E
g
= Generated voltage, V
V
L
= Load ( Terminal ) voltage, V
I
a
= Armature current, A
I
L
= Load current, A
R
L
= Load winding resistance,O


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DC GENERATOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT




To calculate load current, I
L
;

I
L
= P
L
/ V
L


To calculate field current, I
f
;

I
f
= V
L
/ R
f

To calculate armature current, Ia ;

I
a
= I
L
+ I
f

To calculate generated voltage, E
g
;

E
g
= I
a
R
a
+ V
L
+ V
brsh *
V
brush
= brush voltage drop
( if necessary )


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E.m.f ( Eg )
EQUATION



19

Let :
u = Flux / pole in weber
Z = Total number of armature conductor
= No. of slot x No. of conductors / slot
P = No. of generator poles
A = No. of parallel path in armature
N = Armature rotation in revolutions per min. ( r.p.m )
Eg = E.m.f induced in any parallel path in ramature

For a simplex wave-wound generator
No. of parallel paths = 2
No. of conductor ( in series ) in one path = Z / 2
Then, E.m.f ( Eg ) generated = ( uPN / 60 ) x Z / 2 = uZPN / 120 volt.

E.m.f ( Eg ) EQUATION



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E.m.f ( Eg ) EQUATION



For a simple lap-wound generator
No. of parallel path = P
No. of conductor ( in series ) in one path = Z / P
Then, E.m.f ( Eg ) generated = ( uPN / 60 ) x Z / P = uZN / 60 volt



For a given d.c. generator , Z, P and A are constant.
Hence, putting Ka = ZP / A,

We get ;

Eg = Ka uN / 60

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Example 1
A 4 pole, lap wound dc generator has a useful flux of 0.07 Wb. Calculate the
generated e.m.f when it is rotated at a speed 900 rpm, with the help of prime
mover. Armature consists of 440 turns of conductor. Also calculate the generated
e.m.f if lap wound armature is replaced by wave wound armature.
V
x x x ZPN
E
A wound Wave
V
x x NZ
E
P A wound Lap
924
120
440 4 900 7 . 0
120
2 :
462
60
440 900 7 . 0
60
4 :
= = =
=
= = =
= =
|
|
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LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
IN DC GENERATOR




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Total Loss in a DC generator
The various losses occurring in a generator cn be sub-divided
as follows :

( a ) Copper Losses
1. Armature copper loss = I
a
2
R
a
.
Where Ra = resistance of armature and interpoles and series
field winding etc.
This loss is about 30 to 40 % of full-load losses

2. Field copper loss. In the case of shunt generator,
it is practically constant and I
sh
2
R
sh
or VI
sh
.
In the case of series generator, it is = I
se
2
R
se
where
R
se
is resistance of the series field winding.
This loss is about 20 to 30 % of F.L losses.
LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR



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( b ) Magnetic losses ( also known as iron or core loss )
1. Hysterisis loss
2. Eddy current loss

These losses are practically constant for shunt and compound-wound
generators, because in their case, field current is approximately constant.
LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR



( c ) Mechanical Losses
These consists of :-
1. friction loss at bearing and commutator
2. Air-friction or windage loss of rotating armature

The total losses in a D.C generator are summarized below :
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LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR



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Stray Losses
Usually, magnetic and mechanical losses are collectively known as
Sytray Losses. These are also known as rotational losses
for abvious reasons.

Constant or Standing Losses
Field copper loss is constant for shunt and compound generator.
Hence, stray losses and shunt copper loss are constant in their case.
These losses are together known as Standing or constant losses, W
c

Hence, for shunt and compound generators,
Total loss = armature copper loss + W
c

= I
a
2
R
a
+ W
c

= ( I + I
sh
)
2
R
a
+ W
c


Armature Copper loss Ia
2
Ra is known as variable loss because it varies
with the load current.
Total loss = variable loss + constant losses ( W
c
)

LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR



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LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR



Power stages
Various power stages in the case of a d.c generator are shown below :










Following are the three generator efficiency :

Efficiency

q = Po / Pi = V
L
I
L
/ ( Po + ELosses ) = ( V
L
I
L
) /( V
L
I
L
+ ECu + E Mech )
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EXERCISES
1. Calculate the flux per pole required on full load for a 50 kW, 400 V, 8 pole, 600 r/min, dc shunt generator with
256 conductors arranged in lap-connected winding. The armature winding resistance is 0.1 O, the shunt resistance
is 200 O and there is a brush contact drop of 1 V at each brush on full load.
( 0.162 wb )
2. A shunt generator has an induced voltage on open circuit of 127 V. When the machine is on load the
terminal voltage Is 120 V. Find the load current if the field resistance be 15 O and
the armature resistance 0.02 O. ( 342 A )

3. A 4 pole, shunt generator with lap-connected armature having field and armature resistances of 50 O and 0.1O
Respectively supplies 60, 100 V, 40 W lamps. Calculate the total armature current and generated voltage.
( 26 A, 102.6 V )


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4. The following information is given for a 300 kW, 600 V shunt compound generator : shunt field resistance = 75 O,
armature resistance = 0.05 O. When the machine is delivering full load, calculate the voltage ( Eg ) and power
generated by armature ( Pg ) .
(625.4 V, 317.7 kW )



5. A shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal of 250 V. The armatures resistance and shunt field resistance are 0.02 O
and 50 O. The iron loss and friction losses are 950 W. Find :-

( a ) E.m.f ( Eg ) generated
( b ) Copper losses
( c ) Output of the prime mover
( d ) efficiency
( 254 V, 2050 W, 51750 W, )
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6. A d.c shunt generator has a full load output of 10 kW at a terminal voltage of 240 V. The armature and the
shunt field winding resistance are 0.6 O and 160 O. The sum of mechanical and core losses is 500 .
Calculate the power required in kW at the driving shaft at full load and the corresponding efficiency.
( 11.978 kW, 83.5% )

7. A 4 poles lap connected armature of a d.c shunt generator is required to supply the loads connected is
parallel :
( i ) 5 kW heater at 250 V and
( ii ) 2.5 kW lighting load also at 250 V
The generator has an armature resistance of 0.2 O and a shunt resistance of 250 O.
The armature has 120 conductors in the slots and runs at 1000 rpm. Allowing 1 V
per brush for contact drop. Find :-
( a ) Flux per pole
( b ) Armature current
( 31 A, 129.1 mWb )
8. A 4 pole long shunt, lap winding generator supplies 25 kW at a terminal voltage 500 V. The armature
resistance is 0.03 O, series field resistance is 0.04 O and shunt field resistance is 200 O . The brush drop
may be taken as 1 V. Determine the e.m.f ( Eg ) generated. Calculate also the no. of conductors if the speed
is 1200 rpm and flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
( 505.67 V, 1264 )