Planning Techniques

UDPFI Standards for Urban Area

Guided By : Monis Khan

Prepared by : Shashank Garg

POST GRADUATE SECTION IN URBAN PLANNING C.E.D,SVNIT 2011 (January-May)

CONTENTS
1. Int1.uction

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Introduction Need for Guidelines Urban Development Planning System Norms & Standards Land Use InfrastructurePhysical & Social CONTENTS Commercial facilities Recreational facilities Miscellaneous facilities Traffic & transportation Conclusion References

Introduction
Planning is a continuous process & planning system should be such that it ensures continuity. Earlier town planning was a piecemeal process but after Independence the city planning experienced tremendous growth & challenges for resettlement due to political changes. Several resettlement, new Industrial base towns & urban centers were under process of planning & masters & town planners conclude that land use plans are needed to guide development of urban centers to promote orderly development & healthy living environment. For this purpose the ministry of Urban affairs & employment, governing of India organized a national workshop on master plan approach during February 24-25, 1995. The research study of this workshop awarded as UDPFI Urban development plans formulation and implementation guidelines.

The Need of guidelines: The study of UDPFI norms and standards is needed to evolve: System that is dynamic, flexible and efficient. Process that is less time consuming. Innovative ideas of land assembly and fiscal resource mobilization Simple & effective form of laws, rules and regulations.

Urban Development Planning system It consist of

a. Perspective plan: 20-25 years duration . Includes Maps & Diagrams . State governments goal, policies, strategies of urban local authority regarding spatio-economic development.

b. Development plan : Conceived within Frame work of approved Perspective plan. Medium Duration for 5 years. Proposals for socio-economic & spatial development of urban centers Including land use.

c. Annual plan: Conceived within the frame work of Development plan. Details of new & ongoing projects for local authority to implement in financial year Necessary fiscal resources mobilization.

d. Plan of Projects/schemes: Conceived within the frame work of approved development Plan. Includes detailed working layouts with cost of development, source of Finance & recovery instruments for Execution by a public or private agency.

Norms and standards

Distribution of land use
Developed area average densities Work force Proposed land use structure of urban centers in plain area

Infrastructure Commercial facilities

Traffic and Recreational Transportation facilities

Urban center classification

Population based

Settlement type Plain areas Small town Medium town Large cities Less than 50,000 50,000- 5lakh More than 5 lakh

Population Hill areas Less than 20,000 20,000 less than 80,000 80,000 and more

Distribution of Land Use

Developed area average densities:Settlement type Small town Medium town Large cities Metro cities 75-125 100-150 100-150 125-175 Persons per Hectare(pph) in Plain areas Hill areas 45-75 60-90 60-90 -

Comment The Densities of medium town & large cities are considered similar for sustainability. The density of 125 pph is max. factor for small town & average for medium town & large cities & minimum for Metro cities for their identification & survival.

Work Force:-

Work force participation

33% of total population

Industrial workers (%) of total work force Small and medium town Large cities Workers Density 20 % 25 % 100 to 125 pph

Comment Due to more population in Large cities the Industrial worker Population is 25% In current scenario The industrial worker population Is more than 30% due to set back in agricultural production.

Proposed Land use structure of Urban Centers

Land use category Small Residential commercial Industrial Pub& Semi-Public 45-50 2-3 8-10 6-8 Percentage of developed area Medium 40-45 3-4 8-10 10-12 Large cities 35-40 4-5 10-12 12-14 Metro cities 35-40 4-5 12-14 14-16

Recreational
Transport & Communication

12-14
10-12

18-20
12-14 balance

18-20
12-14 balance

20-25
15-18 balance

Agriculture & Water bodies balance

Comment Land use structure of urban center depends upon its function and size. Due to higher density in metros the land use for residential purpose is less compared to smaller areas with less density. Land use distribution for industrial, commercial and recreational purpose increases as we move from small town to metro cities.

Norms and standards

Distribution of land use
Infrastructure Commercial facilities Recreational facilities Traffic and Transportation

Physical infrastructure Water Supply Water Requirements for institutional buildings Sewage Drainage

Social infrastructure Educational facilities Health care facilities

Socio- Cultural facilities

Distribution services Police Fire

Electricity
Solid waste Disposal

Infrastructure
Basic requirement of urban life.
Innovative efforts to ensure wide coverage & equitable distribution.

Physical Infrastructure:Water Supply: Size of town

Aspect Domestic 1. Absolute Min. 2. desirable Non- Domestic Fire fighting Public purpose Small 70 lpcd 100 lpcd 1% of total demand 10-15 lpcd Medium 70-100 lpcd 135-150 lpcd Large and Metro 135 lpcd 135-150 lpcd

20-25 lpcd

30-35 lpcd

Comment The 135 lpcd of water consumption Includes the need for fire fighting.

Water requirements for institutional buildings

Institutions Hospital a. No. of beds exceeding 100 b. No. of beds not exceeding 100 Hotels Hostels Boarding schools/ colleges Litres per head per day

450 per bed 340 per bed

180 per bed 135 135

Restaurants
Airports & Sea ports Junctions stations & intermediate stations Terminal Stations & Intermediate stations Day schools/ colleges Offices & factories Cinema, concert halls and theatres

70 per seat
70 70 45 45 45 15

Water is an important Resource Hence Rain water harvesting should be encouraged in Institutional buildings as well as residential zones especially in medium towns & cities.

Comment -

Sewerage & Drainage

The drainage system for any city/town is governed mainly by natural course and topography. The discharge is calculated that guides the requirements for provision of additional drain as well as up gradation of existing drains. The treatment of sewerage is essential to provide hygienic conditions. The sewerage is estimated at the rate of 80% of the water supply demand. The large & metro cities shall be provided with regular sewerage treatment facilities at zonal/city level. The newly developed areas shall have community level septic tanks based on economic & environmental considerations. The squatter settlements may be provided with a facility of 1 toilet for 4 to 5 families based on the concept of low cost and low water consumption.

Comment In case of developing cities the Treatment plant shall be planned with possible future expansion including biogas plant ,energy conservation &environment considerations .

Electricity
Power supply consumption works out to be about 2 KW per household at the city level including domestic, commercial, industrial and other requirements. 1 electric substation of 11 KV for a population of 15,000 is recommended for towns/ cities. Comment Solar power System Shall be emphasized in residential as well as Institutional Areas. Bio-gas Plants Shall be Initiated in small & medium Towns.

Solid waste Disposal

The garbage is removed and dumped at the sanitary landfill or in some cases it is converted to compost especially in small towns. The generation of waste varies from a quarter of Kg in small towns to about half a kg per capita in large and metro cities. Comment Garbage separation of Dry , wet garbage & recyclable material to achieve efficient method of disposal shall be encouraged by educating people.

Social Infrastructure
These facilities shall be provided with 25% additional population. Incase of metro cities, these facilities serves the regional demand Incase of small & medium towns ,the villages & surrounding areas depends on them

Educational facilities:Pre-primary to Secondary Education

Pre primary, nursery school 1 for 2500 population Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 population 1 such centre provided for every 10 lakh pop. Include 1 industrial training institute and 1 polytechnic institute.

Technical Education centre College

1 for 1.25 lacs population No of student 1000 to 1500 Area 1.80 Ha. University Campus with Area of 10 ha.shall be provided.
Comment These are found to be sufficient but location of these facilities are mor eimporatnt for development.

Health care Facilities :

a) General hospital Hospital for 2.5 lakh population capacity Initially the provision may be for 300 beds Area for hospital Area for residential accommodation Total area 500 beds

4 ha 2 ha 6 ha

b) Intermediate hospital 1 hospital for 1 lakh population capacity Area for hospital Area for residential accommodation Total area

2.70 ha 1 ha 3.70 ha

c) Nursing home, child welfare and maternity center 1 for 0.45 to 1 lakh population Capacity Area
d) Dispensary 1 for 0.15 lakh population Area

25 to 30 beds 0.20 to 0.30 ha

0.08 to 0.12 ha

Comment The ratio of Dispensary is very less as due to polluted environment & life style of urban areas & accidents occurring everyday these needs to be improved/modified for metro cities.

Socio-Cultural facilities
a) Community room 1 for 5,000 population area b) Community hall and library 1 for 15,000 population area c) Recreational club 1 for 1 lakh population area 660 Sq..m 2000 sq.m 10,000 sq.m 1,000 sq.m 5000 sq.m 15 ha

d) Music, dance and drama centre 1 for 1 lakh population - area

e) Meditation and spiritual centre 1 for 1 lakh population area f) Socio-cultural centre 1 for 10 lakh population area

Comment These need to be improved in Metro cities as Music, dance & drama Centers are Not only Cultural Oriented but its a part Of Industry. These facilities can be clubbed with Commercial Activity.

Distribution services
a) Petrol pump One petrol pump for 150 ha of gross residential areas in residential zone One petrol pump for 40 ha of gross industrial area Two petrol pumps in each district centre One petrol pump in each community centre Comment These are sufficient & adequate. b) Milk distribution One milk booth for 5,000 population. Comment These are sufficient & adequate. c) LPG Godown One gas Godown for 40-50 thousand population is sufficient for any size of town. The major concern for its storage and distribution is the location which shall be away from the residential areas. Comment These are sufficient & adequate.

Police
Police station 1 for 90,000 population Area inclusive of essential residential accommodation Police post 1 for 0.4 to 0.5 lakh population Area inclusive of essential residential accommodation District office and battalion 1for 10 lakh population Area for district office area for battalion Total area Police line 1 for 20 lakh population District jail 1 for 10 lakh population - area

1.5 ha

0.16 ha

0.80 ha 4 ha 4.80 ha
4 to 6 ha 10 ha

Comment The Police line is less in case of metro cities.

Fire
1 fire station or sub fire station within 1 to 3 km to be provided for 2 lakh population Area for fire station with essential residential accommodation Area for sub- fire-station with essential residential accommodation

1 ha 0.60 ha

Comment The disaster Management centers & rehabilitation shelters shall be encouraged in Social Infrastructure.

Norms and standards

Distribution of land use Infrastructure Commercial facilities Traffic and Recreational Transportation facilities

Hierarchy of commercial centers

Area of commercial centers

Distribution of shops

Commercial Activity
Hierarchy of commercial centers is a function of the hierarchy of planning units in an urban center
Planning unit
Housing cluster Sector Community district Sub-city city

Population Served
1000-4000 5000-20000 25000-100000 125000-500000 25 lakh- 50 lakh 50 lakh +

Hierarchy of commercial centre

Cluster centre Sector centre Community centre District centre Sub- city centre City centre

Comment These distribution is found to be sufficient.

Distribution of shops
Type of shops Formal shops(total) General retail Fruit & vegetables Service & Repairs Informal shops district 1250 1200 Not specified 50 370 community 365 295 40 30 110 sector 55 35 6 13 22 cluster 24 16 3 5 13

General retail

355

88

14

Comment Fruits & Vegetables Markets locations shall be planned to avoid road encroachment by local Hawkers.

Area of Commercial Centers

Area Per 1000 No. of Shops Persons Sq.Mt. 220 1 for 110 Persons 300 1 for 200 Persons 1 for 200 Persons

Cluster Centre

Sector Centre

Community Centre

500

District Centre

880

1 for 300 Persons

Comment These are found to be sufficient.

Recreational Facilities
Planning unit Housing cluster 3-4 local parks and playgrounds

sector
community district Sub city centre

3-4 local park and playgrounds

2-3 community level park and open space 1 district level park and sports centre, maidan 1 city level park, sports complex, botanical /zoological garden , maidan

Overall town/ city level

Type Small Town Medium Town Large cities

10 sq.m- 12 sq.m per person

Area in sq.mt. 1 - 1.2 ha. / 1000 persons 1.4 - 1.6 ha. / 1000 persons 1.2- 1.4 ha. /1000 persons

Comment Local parks ,Playgrounds & Open Spaces shall be distributed evenly in case of metro cities. The Proportion for large cities is average of small & medium town as the land is costlier in case of large cities.

Miscellaneous Facilities
Cremation/ burial ground: Provision of at least 2 sites for 5 lakh population and to provide one electric crematorium for large size towns. Dhobi ghat: one site for 1 lakh population with appropriate arrangements for water and drainage facilities. Taxi stands/ Bus stops/ Rickshaw stands:- These should not be located near the road intersections

-The maximum distance of such facilities should not exceed

0.5 km from the farthest point in any residential area.
Comment These are found to be sufficient.

Telecommunication:
Communication- 10 lines per 100 population. Comment The standards for mobile & telecommunication tower with their safe locations needs to be provided in Guidelines.

In modern days the norms & standards for wi-fi system & internet shall be considered. Postal services- one post office for 10-15 thousand population. Found to be Sufficient.

Norms and standards

Distribution of land use Infrastructure Commercial Recreational facilities facilities Traffic and Transportation

Classification of Urban roads

Design standards of Urban roads roads

Norms and Standards for Transportation

Classification of Urban roads: Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban traffic with no frontage access. Sub-Arterial Road: Roads for intra-urban through traffic with frontage access.

Collector road: Streets for collecting and distributing traffic from and to local streets and also providing access to arterial and sub arterial roads. Local Street: Street for access to residence, business or other abutting property, having necessary parking and pedestrian movement free access too.

Design Considerations of urban roads

Road type Arterial Sub-Arterial Collector street Local street Speed 80 kph 60 kph 50 kph 30 kph Width 50-60 m 30-40 m 20-30 m 10-20 m

Cross-Sectional Elements:
Description Single lane without kerbs 2-lane without kerbs 2- lane with kerbs 3-lane with/without kerbs 4-lane with/without kerbs 6-lane with/without kerbs Width 3.5 m 7m 7.5 m 10.5/11 m 14 m 21.0 m

Comment These road widths shall be improved with informal parking on roads.

Foot path (side walk)

Capacity
All in one direction 1220 2400 3600 4800 6000 In both directions 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4

Required width of footpath (m)

Comment These is one of the Important feature as many services can be laid down under Footpath It gives surface for pedestrian movement. These are usually not identified or demarked on site, Hence measures & regulations for footpath shall be improved.

Cycle tracks The minimum width of cycle tracks should be 2m.each additional lane, where required should be 1 m. Separate cycle tracks should be provided when the peak cycle traffic is 400 or more on routes where motor traffic is 100-200 vehicles/hr. When number of motor vehicles using routes is more than 200 per hour, separate cycle tracks are justified even if cycle traffic is only 100 cycles per hour. These are still Missing on many Urban Roads hence Regulations needs to be effectively developed.

Parking
Equivalent car space for different vehicles.
Car/taxi
Two wheeler Auto rickshaw

1
0.25 0.50

Bicycle

0.10

Parking Space Requirements

a) The minimum parking space requirements for each car and truck is : Car : 3m X 6m Truck : 3.75 m X 7.5m

a) Residential - Detached, semi-detached and row houses Plot area upto 100 Sq.Mt no private or community parking space Plot area:101-200 Sq.Mt only community parking space Plot area:301-500 Sq.Mt- minimum 1/3 of open area for parking Plot area :501-1000 Sq.Mt- minimum 1/4th of open area for parking Plot area: 1001sq.m +- minimum 1/6 of space area for parking
a) Flats :- one space for every two flats of 50-90 Sq.Mt or more of floor area - one space for every flat of 100 Sq.Mt or more of floor area Comment Norms for Public Parking on street & off street shall be revised including the width of roads. Multi-level parking System By government shall be encouraged.

5. Colour Specification for Land Use in a Development plan

Sr. No. Zone description 1 2 Primary Residential Zone Mixed residential Zone color yellow Orange

3
4 5 6 7 8 9

Unplanned residential Zone

Commercial Industries Public & semi Public Recreation Roads Agriculture

Brown
Blue Purple Red Green Black Light Green

Conclusions
Land for Urban poor In Mumbai more than 50 % of population are slum dwellers but they occupy only 8% of land. The Development plan consists of various zones such as Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Recreational, No Development Zone, Coastal Regulation Zone, but there is no allocation of space for urban poor's, pavement dwellers which is growing population & which needs immediate attraction to make Mega cities more appealing in aesthetically & functionally.

It is the Task to reform the Strategies, policies by Central ,State & local governments to serve the interest of urban poor.
The Reserved plots & Coastal Regulation zone Norms can be modified to accommodate the land For Urban poor.

Low Fsi In India the Fsi ranges between 1.2 to 2% in large cities & 5 to 6 % in mega cities in special cases. The low value of fsi tends to more consumption of land & hence Shortage of land is faced for future development. These affects the lower & middle income group households due to Increased price of land. In Asian countries the fsi Practiced is between 5 to 15.Hence for affordability point of view, the fsi shall be increased to cater the demand of land for future needs. Educational Facilities For safety Purpose the additional Space allocation for Peak Hour traffic in front of any school, colleges & other Institutions shall be provided. Primary & secondary schools to be used in Double shifts with Bigger intake for efficient use of land. Educational & institutional Zones must be crated in Master plan.

Land Regulations Land regulations shall be revised to reduce the difference between what is allowed & what is Financially feasible. These can be achieved by More compact cities, more efficient Land Use & Primary Infra structure. Increase in consumption of fsi. Decrease in Trip length due to compact cities.

Urban population density will likely to stay Constant due to efficient land use.

REFERENCES
Arthur B. Gallion, Simon Eisner, (1986), The Urban Pattern city
planning and design, CBS publishers, New Delhi, India. Ar. Uttam K. Roy (2007), Changing scenario & emerging planning norms for education infrastructures in planned township, unpublished report, Institute of town planner, pp: 1-6 Chetan Vaidya, et al (2004), Model Municipal law of India, ITPI journal, pp:50-51 D.S.Mesham (2004), Master plan of auroville universal township, ITPI journal, pp: 1-13 ITPI, 1996. Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines, Institute of Town Planners India, Ministry of Urban Affairs and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, New Delhi. Sundar Burra & Sheela Patel (2001), Norms & Standards In Urban Development: The Experience of an Urban Alliance In India Roy Uttam Kumar (April 2004), Development control Regulation, journal of Indian institute of architects (JIIA)

Thank you