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Anatomical classification Upper( nose, nasal cavity, sinuses,& pharynx.) Lower ( larynx,trachea,bronchi, broncheoles,alveoles.) Physiological classification Conducting zone from the nose to bronchioles except respiratory bronchioles. Respiratory zone.
Airway anatomy.
airway
There are two openings to the human airway. 1.the nose which leads to the nasopharynx . 2. the mouth which leads to the oropharynx. These passages are separated anteriorly the palate , but they join posteriorly in the pharynx.
The pharynx.
The pharynx is a U shaped fibro muscular structure that extends from the base of the skull to the cricoids cartilage. It opens anteriorly in to the nasal cavity, the mouth, the larynx.
The larynx
The larynx is a cartilaginous skeleton held together by ligaments & muscle. It is composed of nine cartilages. The opening of the larynx is called glottis. The epiglottis prevents aspiration by covering the glottis.
Dead space
Areas of ventilation without perfusion. Each inspired breath is composed of gas that contribute to alveolar ventilation ( VA) & gas that become dead space( VD). Thus tidal volume( VT) = VA + VD. In the normal , spontaneously breathing person, the ratio of alveolar-to-dead space ventilation for each breath is 2:1. Physiologic dead space consists of anatomic & alveolar dead space.
Shunt.
Minute ventilation.
Lung mechanics.
The lung natural tendency is to collapse; thus expiration at rest is normally passive because gas flows out of the lungs when they elastically recoil. The thoracic cage exerts an outwarddirected force, & the lungs exert an inward-directed force. Together these forces result in a sub atmospheric intra pleural pressure.
The inward force of the lung ( elastic recoil) consists of-the elastic fibers of lung tissue. -the contractile forces of airway smooth muscles. - the surface tension of alveoli. The outward force of the chest wall is exerted by - the ribs, joints & muscles.
Contd
Because the outward force of the thoracic cage exceeds the inward force of the lung , the overall tendency of the lung is to remain inflated when it resides within the thoracic cage. When the outward & the inward forces on the lung are equal ?
Contd
Atmospheric pressure the pressure of the air surrounding the body at see level (760mmhg). Intra alveolar pressure( intrapulmonary pressure) the pressure within the alveoli. 1.I AP must be lower than ATMP during inspiration. 2.IAP > ATMP during expiration. 3.IAP= ATMP when ?. Intra pleural pressure( intra thoracic pressure ) the pressure with in the pleura sac.( 756mmhg) 1. the pressure exerted outside the lung within the thoracic cavity. 2.IPP < ATMP. 3. IPP does not equilibrate with the ATMP or IAP because there is no communication b/n them.
compliance. Elastic recoil is usually measured in terms of compliance ( C ) it is defined as the change in volume divided by the change in distending pressure. C = change in lung volume/change in transpulmonary pressure.
alveolar-capillary membrane ( respiratory membrane) has the following layers. 1.fluid & surfactant layer. 2.the alveolar epithelium. 3. an epithelial basement membrane. 4. interstitial space b/n the alveolar epithelium & the capillary membrane. 5.capillary basement membrane. 6. the capillary endothelial membrane.
diffusion across alveolar capillary membrane is depending upon-surface area the smaller the lung, the less the overall diffusion. -membrane thickness, the longer the diffusion distance & the lower the diffusion capacity. -pressure gradient across the respiratory membrane is the difference b/n the partial pressure of the gas in the alveoli & in the pulmonary capillary blood. -molecular weight the larger the molecule, the more difficult it will be to pass through the membranes. -solubility CO2 is almost 30x more soluble in water than oxygen is & diffuses more than 20x faster.