COLLEGE ALGEBRA

Chapter 3 POLYNOMIALS
3.1. Definition 3.2. Operations on Polynomials 3.2.1. Addition of Polynomials 3.2.2. Subtraction of Polynomials 3.2.3. Multiplication of Polynomials 3.2.4. Division of Polynomials 3.3.Removing Grouping Symbols

POLYNOMIALS
Definitions: Constant- is a symbol that assigns one specific value. Ex: 3 ; 9 ; 8

Variable- is a symbol that assumes many values. Ex: x ; y ; z Algebraic expression- is a collection of constants and variables involving at least one of the basic operations in mathematics. Ex: 7 ; x ; 2m ; 5y + 9

Term- is an expression preceded by plus or minus sign. Ex: 4a ; 6m2 ; 3xy3

POLYNOMIALS
Definitions: Polynomial- is a sum of finite monomials. Monomial- is a term involving only the product of a real number which may have coefficients of variables with positive integral exponent. Ex: 7 ; x2y3z4 ; 2m5n ; 9b4 Binomial a polynomial with two terms.
Ex: 5x + 3 ; 9x2 8x ; 2m5n + 5

Trinomial a polynomial with three terms.

Ex: 2x + 9y z ; 6x2 7x + 1 ; 8m6 2m5 + 5m4

POLYNOMIALS
Definitions: Degree of the Polynomial- is the highest exponent of the variable in the given equation. Ex1: 10x + 3 - 1st degree equation - Linear equation

Ex2: 9x2 8x + 5 - 2nd degree equation - Quadratic equation Ex3: x3 12x2 + 5x 3 - 3rd degree equation - Cubic equation Ex4: 8m4 5 - 4th degree equation - Quartic equation Ex5: 8m6 2m3 + 5m - 6th degree equation

OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS
Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials Similar Terms- terms having the same literal coefficients. Ex.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5x + 3x = 8x 4x2 + 8x2 = 12x2 12x4 + 7x4 + 8y2 + 6y2 = 19x4 + 14y2 9m5 3m5 = 6m5 17a2+6a34a210a4+11a28a+1 = 17a24a2+11a2+6a8a10a34+1 = 24a2 12a 6

REMOVING GROUPING SYMBOLS

( ) - Parentheses [ ] - Brackets { } - Braces

SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING BY REMOVING THE GROUPING SYMBOLS.

1. { 8x [13x 2(7y x)] 18y}= [ 8x (13x 14y + 2x) 18y]= [ 8x (15x 14y) 18y]= (8x 15x + 14y 18y) = ( 7x 4y) = = 7x +4y 2. 2x {3x [(2x 2y+ 3x) 5y] 6x + y} 2y= 2x {3x [(5x 2y) 5y] 6x + y} 2y= 2x [3x (5x + 2y 5y) 6x + y] 2y= 2x [3x (5x 3y) 6x + y] 2y= 2x (3x + 5x + 3y 6x + y) 2y= 2x (4x + 4y ) 2y= = 6x 6y 2x + 4x 4y 2y=

SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING BY REMOVING THE GROUPING SYMBOLS.

3. {x [2x y (3x + y) 6x] y} =

[x (2x y 3x y 6x) y] =
(x 2x + y + 3x + y + 6x y) = x + 2x y 3x y 6x + y =

= 8x y

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

1. Add 3x2y + 2xy, 5x3y + 4x2y 7 , 4x3y 3xy & 7xy + 7 3x2y + 2xy 5x3y + 4x2y 7 4x3y 3xy 7xy + 7

x3y + x2y + 6xy 2. Subtract 4x from 12x 12x

4x + 16x

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

3. Subtract 5x2 6x + 1 from 9x23x 1. 2 3x 1 9x + 5x2 + 6x +1 +

4x2 + 3x 2 4. Subtract the sum of 2x3 and 5x+6 from the sum of 9x4 and 7x1. 2x3 9x4 2x5 + 7x+3 + 5x+6 + 7x1 + 7x+3 2x5 5x8 5. Subtract the difference of 10x2 x and 2x2 3x + 4 from the sum of 6x2x+6 and 3x24. 2 x 2 x + 6 2 x + 2 10x 6x 9x + 2 + + 2x2 3x + 2 3x 4 12x + 2x + + 4 +4 12x2 + 2x 4 9x2 x + 2 3x2 3x + 6

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

Multiplication Law of Exponents -multiply the numerical coefficients and add the exponents.

am an = am+ n 2 1. x x = x

2. 5x2 3x3= 15 x5 3. 12xy 7xy= 84 x2y2

4. Multiply (5x 3)and(6x + 5) 6x(5x 3)= 30x2 18x

+5(5x 3)= + 25x 15 30x2 + 7x 15

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

5. Multiply 2x23x+4 by x27. x2(2x23x+4)= 2x4 3x3 + 4x2 7(2x23x+4)= 14x2 + 21x 28 2x4 3x3 10x2 + 21x 28

6. Multiply x25x +1 by x2+x2.

x2(x25x +1)= x4 5x3 + x2 +x(x25x +1)= 2(x25x +1)= x3 5x2 + x 2x2 +10x 2 x4 4x3 6x2 +11x 2

MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS

7. Multiply (x1)(x 2) and (x 3). Multiply (x 1) and (x 2)

x(x 1) = x2 x 2(x 1) = 2x +2 x2 3x +2 Multiply (x2 3x + 2) by (x 3)

x(x2 3x + 2) = x3 3x2 + 2x

3(x2 3x + 2) =

3x2 + 9x 6 x3 6x2 + 11x 6

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
Division Law of Exponents - divide the numerical coefficients and subtract the exponents. am = am n an

1. x5 x3 = x5 3 = x2 2. 20m4 5m = 4 m3 3. 80a2b4c 12a5b2c = 1 2 4 2 80a b c = (4)(20)a2 b4 c1 20 b = 5 2 5 2 12a b c 1 (4)(3)a b c 3a3 1

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
4. Divide 27x3y3 36x2y2+45xy by 9xy 27x3y3 36x2y2+45xy 9xy 27x3y3 + 36x2y2 + 45xy 9xy 9xy 9xy 3x2 y2 4xy + 5

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

5. Divide 6x2 x12 by 2x 3. 3x + 4 2x 36x2x 12 (+) ()6x2 9x

8x 12 ()8x (+) 12 0

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

6. Divide 2x3 11x6 by x + 2. 2x2 4x 3 x + 2 2x3 11x 6 () 2 3 ()2x +4x

4x2 11x (+) 4x2 (+) 8x 3x (+) 3x

0

6
6 (+) 6

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

7. Divide 2x2+5x318x10 by x + 2

22 + 6 + x+ 2 x + 25x32x2 18x10 ) 2 ()5x3(+10x

5x2 12x

12x2 18x (+) 12x2(+) 24x 6x 10 () () 6x + 12

22

SYNTHETIC DIVISION

8. Divide x4+4x39x+12 by x + 3

x4
1

x3
4 3

x2
0 3 3

x
9 9 0

c
12 0 12 3

1 x3

1 + x2

12 3x + 0 + x+3

SYNTHETIC DIVISION

9. Divide 6y311y2 1 by 3y 1

y3
6

y2
11 2

y
0 3

c
1 1 2 1

6 3 2 2y2

9 3

3 1
2 3y 1 + 3y 1