Scheduling

Scheduling
Scheduling: The allocation of resources over time to accomplish specific tasks. Demand scheduling: A type of scheduling whereby customers are assigned to a definite time for order fulfillment. Workforce scheduling: A type of scheduling that determines when employees work. Operations scheduling: A type of scheduling in which jobs are assigned to workstations or employees are assigned to jobs for specified time periods.

Performance Measures
Job flow time: The amount of time a job spends in the service or manufacturing system. Also referred to as throughput time or time spent in the system, including service. Makespan: The total amount of time required to complete a group of jobs. Past due (Tardiness): The amount of time by which a job missed its due date or the percentage of total jobs processed over some period of time that missed their due dates. Work-in-process (WIP) inventory: Any job that is waiting in line, moving from one operation to the next, being delayed, being processed, or residing in a semi-finished state. Total inventory: The sum of scheduled receipts and onhand inventories. Utilization: The percentage of work time that is productively spent by an employee or machine.

Gantt Charts
Gantt chart: Used as a tool to monitor the progress of work and to view the load on workstations. The chart takes two basic forms: (1) the job or activity progress chart, and (2) the workstation chart.

The Gantt progress chart graphically displays the current status of each job or activity relative to its scheduled completion date.
The Gantt workstation chart shows the load on the workstations and the nonproductive time.

Gantt Progress Chart

Gantt Progress Chart for an Auto Parts Company
Start activity Finish activity
Nonproductive time
Job Ford

Scheduled activity time

Current date

Actual progress

4/17 4/18 4/19 4/20 4/21 4/22 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/26

Plymouth

Pontiac

Gantt Workstation Chart

Gantt Workstation Chart for Hospital Operating Rooms

Operations Scheduling
Operations schedules are short-term plans designed to implement the master production schedule. Operations scheduling focuses on how best to use existing capacity. Often, several jobs must be processed at one or more workstations. Typically, a variety of tasks can be performed at each workstation. Job shop: A firm that specializes in low- to mediumvolume production and utilizes job or batch processes. Flow shop: A firm that specializes in medium- to highvolume production and utilizes line or continuous processes.

Manufacturing Process

Legend: Batch of parts Workstation

Shipping Department

Raw Materials

Job Shop Dispatching

Dispatching: A method of generating schedules in job shops whereby the decision about which job to process next is made using simple priority rules whenever the workstation becomes available for further processing. Priority sequencing rules: The rules that specify the job processing sequence when several jobs are waiting in line at a workstation.

Job Shop Dispatching

Earliest due date (EDD): A priority sequencing rule that specifies that the job with the earliest due date is the next job to be processed. First-come, first-served (FCFS): A priority sequencing rule that specifies that the job arriving at the workstation first has the highest priority. Shortest processing time (SPT): A priority sequencing rule that specifies that the job requiring the shortest processing time is the next job to be processed. Critical ratio (CR): A ratio that is calculated by dividing the time remaining until a jobs due date by the total shop time remaining for the job. CR = (Due date Todays date)/Total shop time remaining Total Shop Time = Setup, processing, move, and expected waiting times of all remaining operations, including the operation being scheduled.

Scheduling Jobs for Multiple Workstations

Priority sequencing rules can be used to schedule more than one operation. Each operation is treated independently. Identifying the best priority rule to use at a particular operation in a process is a complex problem because the output from one process becomes the input for another. Computer simulation models are effective tools to determine which priority rules work best in a given situation. When a workstation becomes idle, the priority rule is applied to the jobs waiting for that operation, and the job with the highest priority is selected. When that operation is finished, the job is moved to the next operation in its routing, where it waits until it again has the highest priority.

Scheduling Problems
One machine, many jobs Two machines, many jobs Three machines, many jobs Many machines, many jobs

One machine, many jobs

Total time is independent of sequence SPT minimizes average flow time Examples- Mumbai airport

Two machines, many jobs

All Jobs follow same sequence Johnsons Rule Jobs have different sequence Jacksons Rule Johnsons 3 machine rule

Johnsons Rule
Johnsons rule: A procedure that minimizes makespan when scheduling a group of jobs on two workstations. Step 1. Find the shortest processing time among the jobs not yet scheduled. If two or more jobs are tied, choose one job arbitrarily. Step 2. If the shortest processing time is on workstation 1, schedule the corresponding job as early as possible. If the shortest processing time is on workstation 2, schedule the corresponding job as late as possible. Step 3. Eliminate the last job scheduled from further consideration. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until all jobs have been scheduled.

Example 16.5
Johnsons Rule
Motor Workstation 1 at the Morris Machine Co. Time (hr) Workstation 2

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

12 4 5 15 10

22 5 3 16 8

Eliminate M3 from consideration. The next shortest time Eliminate M1 and the only job remaining to be Eliminate M5 from consideration. The next shortest time is Eliminate M2 from consideration. The next shortest time is Shortest time is 3 hours at workstation 2, so isat M2 at Workstation 1,schedule so schedule M2 first. scheduled is M4. M1 at workstation #1, so schedule M1 next. M5 workstation #2, so M5 next to last. schedule job M3 last. Sequence = M2 M1 M4 M5 M3

Example 16.5
Johnsons Rule
at the Morris Machine Co.

The schedule minimizes the idle time of workstation 2 and gives the fastest repair time for all five motors. No other sequence will produce a lower makespan.
Gantt Chart for the Morris Machine Company Repair Schedule
Workstation M2 (4) Idle M2 (5) M1 (12) M4 (15) M1 (22) M5 (10) M3 (5) M4 (16) Idleavailable for further work M5 (8) M3 (3)

Idle

10

15

20

25

30

35 Day

40

45

50

55

60

65

Classwork

Job A B

1 4 8

2 5 10

3 8 2

4 10 4

5 6 5

6 5 7

7 10 6

8 6 6

Johnsons 3 Machine Rule

Domination Largest on B is not greater than smallest on A or C. Domination guarantees optimality Conversion Convert into a 2 M/C problem as M1 = A + B, M2 = B + C Find optimal sequence for this 2 machine problem Schedule on 3 machines based on the sequence above

Classwork
Job A B C M1 M2 1 8 7 13 15 20 2 6 4 12 10 16 3 10 6 11 16 17 4 7 5 12 12 17 5 9 5 13 14 18 6 7 4 10 11 14