2.

0
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 SUB TOPICS
2.1 SYSTEMS CONCEPT
2.2 HARDWARE
2.3 SOFTWARE
2.4 INSTALLATION
2.5 CURRENT AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS
2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT

2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

2.1.2 Data Representation
2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding
2.1.4 Data Measurement
 2.1.1
Overview of
Computer Systems
 Definition of …..
Computer System
 An electronic device  A set of related parts
that accepts data that operate together
(input) and processes to perform specific
it into useful function.
information (output)

Computer System
A system which uses devices that
can store and process
to perform specific function.
2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems
 A computer system requires four main
aspects of data handling :
Input
 Raw data that is put
into the computer
system for processing
through input device.
Processor
 An electronic circuitry
which interprets and
carries out the basic
instructions that
operate the computer.
Also called CPU.
2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems
Output
 Raw data that has
been processed by the
computer into usable
information through
output device.
Storage
 A device that holds
data, information and
instructions for future
use.
Information Processing Cycle

Input Data Process Information Output

Informatio
n
Data
Informatio
n

Storage
Information Processing Cycle
 Computers process data ( input ) into
information ( output ).
 A computer often holds data,
information and instructions in storage
for future use.
 Instructions are the steps that tell the
computer how to perform a particular
task.

2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

 2.1.2
Data Representation
 DATA REPRESENTATION
 Computer communicates using digital form which are ON and OFF.
 Binary system consists of only two digits, 0 and 1.
 In the computer, 0 is used to represent the electronic state of ON and

1 is used to represent the electronic state of OFF.

BIT Basic units for storing data in computer memory

A binary digit ( 0 and 1 )

BYTE 8 bits that are group together as a unit

Used to represent numbers, letters and special character

A number, letter, punctuation mark or other symbol

CHARACTER
that is represented by a single byte in the ASCII

2.1.2 Data Representation

 2.1.3
Introduction
To Binary Coding
 What is ASCII code?

 Stands for American Standard Code for

Information Interchange
 The most widely used binary code to
represent data.
 A coding scheme using seven-bit characters
to represent data characters

2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding

Example of ASCII scheme
ASCII CHARACTER
00110000 0
00110001 1
00110010 2
00110011 3
00110100 4
00110101 5
01000001 A
01000010 B
01000011 C
01000100 D

2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding

What is the function of ASCII code?
 To communicate with the computer, we
use a common scheme for data
representation.
 There must be agreement on which groups
of bits represent which characters.
 ASCII makes human interaction with
computer possible.

2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding

 2.1.4
Data Measurement
 Data Measurement
The size of data is measured by the number of bytes

TERM ABBREVIATION APPROXIMATE SIZE EXACT SIZE

(byte) (byte)

Bit Bit is the basic unit for storing data in computer memory ( 0 and 1).

Byte B 1 1

Kilobyte KB 1,000 1024

Megabyte MB 1,000,000 1,048,576

Gigabyte GB 1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824

Terabyte TB 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776

2.1.4 Data Measurement

 2.1.5
Clock Speed Measurement
Clock Speed Measurement
 Pace of the system clock, measured by the number of ticks
per second.
 The faster the clock the more instructions can be executed
by the processor.
 Clock is measured in Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz)

TERM ABBREVIATION APPROXIMATE SIZE

( ticks per second )
Megahertz MHz 1,000,000

Gigahertz GHz 1,000,000,000

2.1.5 Data Measurement