Types of sewer>>>>Flow in Pipe

Sanitary sewer Storm water sewer Combined sanitary and storm water

Drawings (2D, 3D)

Details.. Architectural drawing: This type of drawing gives a complete view of building. It describes the location of a building and where to place every parts of building etc. It holds many other drawing sheets of different names. Such as plan, elevation, section etc. Structural drawing: Its name describes about it. It explains everything about structure such as strength of different part of structure, structural material, placement, grade and size of reinforcement etc. It also contains many other different named drawing sheets inside it. Plumbing and sanitary drawing: This type of drawings show the location of sanitary and water supply piping and fixture and how to connect every fixture etc. Electrical drawing: This kind of drawings describe the location and details of electrical wiring, fixtures and sub-station etc. It also shows the electrical load calculation. Finishing drawing: It includes all drawing about finishes and out looking of building such as tiles, marble granite etc. Sometimes this type of drawing included with architectural drawing Missing drawing ????? EW..

Flow conditions (Refer to detail calculation)

Depth of flow Hydraulic mean depth Full or full bore depth of flow 2/3 depth of flow 1/3 depth of follow depth of flow Diameter X 0.25 Diameter X 0.30 Diameter X 0.29 Diameter X 0.19 Diameter X 0.15

End products

Check
Sewage is mainly a liquid waste containing some solids, produced by humans. It typically consists of washing water, feces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. Sewage sludge is an end product of the wastewater treatment process. This material can be a wonderful source of nutrients for the soil

Hydraulic mean depth; m or R The hydraulic mean depth of a liquid flowing through a pipe is equal to the sectional area of liquid divided by the wetted perimeter

Sewage and population equivalent

It can be defined as; The equivalent, in terms of a fixed population, of a varying or transient population (e.g. Restaurant or Airport) based upon a figure of xxx grams/BOD/hd/day and 225 litres/hd/day. This means in practise that 1 person resident in a normal house is expected to produce 225 l of sewage flow containing xxx g of BOD per day. In other words 225 l of flow containing xxx g of BOD is equivalent to 1 Population Equivalent or 1 PE. So therefore a house with five people living in it would have a PE of 5 and would produce: 5 x 225 l = 1125 l of flow & 5 x (xxx) g = 5xxx g of BOD.

BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand or B.O.D is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 C and is often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.

BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants

Effect of gradient
Gradient = f (v..)

Check>>>>>V, Q
Based on the following equations, calculate the velocity of flow (m/sec) in a 40 cm diameter sanitary sewer pipe flowing at a depth equal to threequarters of the diameter when the gradient is 1 in 100. Also, calculate the flow rate (m3/sec) in the pipe. Assume the pipe were made from ast iron or DI (i) (ii) (iii) Manning Hazen-William Others

Formulae
Manning HW CH

Effect of steeper gradient, I

If a gradient is too steep i.e. steeper than 1 in 40, the liquid may run faster than the solids in the sloping foul water pipe thus leaving the solids stranded, which could then block the pipe. If the gradient is not steep enough, i.e. less than 1 in 110, then the pipe could still block if the solids slow down and become stranded.

Sewerage system

Force mains

Size

Joint

Manning etc

VC Pipeline Embedment

Embedment (continued)

Embedment (Continued)

Sewer Pipelines testing

Straightness are important to achieve the design velocity

Hydraulic design of gravity sewers

The hydraulic design of four sewers shall be based on a sewage production value of 225 litres/head/day at a peak flow factor of 4.7 x p-0.11 where p is the estimated population equivalent in thousands. The minimum design at full flow shall be 0.8m/s to allow self cleansing

The determination of discharge capacity of gravity pipelines is commonly made by using the whereby hydraulic resistance is expressed by various roughness coefficient which depend on the type material and operational conditions. Tables giving velocities and pipe capacities at various gradients and roughness coefficient are commonly available.

1.PE calculation (example)

Site A, B, C and D

2.Average daily design flow rate

= 225/PE/day (>>>> 1 PE =225 litres) =..litre/sec

3.Peak flow factor, p

=4.7 x (PE/1000) -0.11 =..litre/sec

4. Calculation of peak flow, Qpeak

Qpeak = p x Average daily design flow rate
= .litre/sec

5.Selection of pipe, gradient etc

6.Self cleansing velocity

Using Manning eq (Alternative 1, 2) Hazen-Willians (Next week), diff % Based on min hidraul, full etc

Construction
Layout (GL, RL, SIL etc.) >>>Longitudinal section MH no., GL, Prop. IL, Prop depth, Prop distance