Module 3-WORK STUDY

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WORK STUDY: TIME AND METHOD STUDY Definition of Russel M.Currie about work study The systematic objective and critical examination of all factors governing the operation efficiency of any specified activity in order to effect improvement . Time study means the straight timing of work elements . The object of motion study , method study ,micro motion study is to device new and improved working methods.

Importance and scope of work study

It is essentially a practical one dealing with human beings who have their own style and attitude The success of work study depends on the existence of good relations between management and workers. Work study involves changes in various kinds of working methods

VARIOUS MODELS
The layout Diagram Flow Diagram String Diagram

 Productivity increase is the key factor in raising the standard of living. Work study indicates how resources can be effectively utilized and helps realize this aim. The following steps need to be followed.

Implications on productivity

Select the work to be studied

We should select to study the work that is likely to have the longest production run , offers the greatest scope for improvement, and promises the greatest financial saving for a given outlay.

 It may be divided in to the following three categories. Process and Time chart Process charts Travel charts

Record Facts

Advantages of work study

It helps uniformed and improved production flow It helps higher production efficiency Manufacturing costs are greatly reduced It helps to secure proper performance It helps in fixation of wages It helps to introduce the methods and standards as accepted routine practice It helps in better employer employee relation Job security and job satisfaction to workers is ensured It helps ensure the best possible and most effective use of exciting and potential resources of the firm

 To determine the std time for various operators Estimate the cost of product Production control Helps in predicting accurately Operators efficiency in using machine within the allotted time

Usefulness of the study

Techniques of work study

It consists of work study(motion study) and work measurement(or time study). Uses It is a direct means of raising productivity. It is systematic : no factor is overlooked It is a most accurate method It is a most important tool of analysis Everyone concerns with the industry gets benefitted.

Definition of method study

Frank Gilberth defines method study as the science of eliminating wastefulness resulting from ill directed and inefficient motions . The purpose is to find out ways of least wastage of labour

Objectives of method study

Improvement in manufacturing process Improvement in working conditions Improvement in plant layout and workspace layout Reducing the human effort and fatigue Reducing health hazards Reducing material handling Improvement of plan and equipment design Improvement in the utility of materials , machines and manpower Ensuring safety

Flow chart of the Method procedure study

Selection of jobs Recording of facts Critical examination Development and selection Installation

Maintenance

1. 2.

Selection of jobs Economic considerations Technical considerations Human considerations Recording of Facts Operation Transport Inspection Delay storage

3. Critical examination Purpose Place Sequence Person Means 4. Development and Selection Evaluation phase Investigation phase selection

5. Installation 6.Maintanence Performance appraisal

1.

Frank Gilberth developed a set of 17 elementary motions commonly found in manual operations and called them Therbligs which is his name in reverse. For the purpose of recording the motions , he split up the different motion of process into 17 fundamentals made by various parts of human body , and each event was allotted a symbol and abbreviations. the symbols are used for preparing motion study chart , which include the following: Process charts Outline process charts Flow process charts Two handed process charts

Therbligs

2. Flow Diagram 3. String Diagram 4. Time Study OBJECTIVES OF TIME STUDY Production cost of any commodity is made up of three components: Raw material cost Overheads Labour cost

Work measurement: Determines the time required to do a job Decides the man power required to do a job Provides info for effective production Aids in calculating exact delivery dates Decides realistic labour budgeting Provides for a sound incentives scheme Results in effective labour control

WORK MEASUREMETN AND WORK ENVIORNMENT

 The job is broken down into its elements The observed time for each element is recorded. Basic time is determined for those elements for which data is not available The values so determined for any of the elements which could convincible secure another job are added to the records of basic times Determine the frequency determined for occurrence of each element in the job

Procedure for work environment

The proportion of the rest required is assessed The addition of the relaxation allowance may be made element by element. Contingent delays- blanket allowances are added .

 Build trust Maintain positive and open channels of communication Expect the best from each employee Foster team spirit Give credit Be approachable Positive physical work environment

Work environment

 Another technique for measuring an activity It s similar to time study in that we observe a portion or sample of the work activity Inferences are made based on the findings in this sample And applied for every activity in general Primary applications of work sampling Activity time for personnel and machinery Develop a performance index for workers To fix time standars.

Work sampling

Predetermined motion time studies(PMTS)

In which only motion patterns will be known Alternatives may be evaluated prior to actually trying them out It is necessary to define a basic set of motions into which any task can be split into. It must be refined to account for various degrees of difficulty. It is necessary to apply micro-motion analysis to such systems , these are often costly most widely use is Methods Time Measurement (MTM)

The basic elements use din MTM are:

1. Reach 2. Move 3. Turn and apply pressure 4. Grasp 5. Position 6. Release 7. Disengage 8. Eye travel time and eye focus 9. Body, leg and foot motion 10. Simultaneous motions

Industrial safety
The Indian Factories Act , 1948 has the following objectives : To protect human beings from being subjected to unduly long hours of bodily strains of manual labour Employees should work in healthy and sanitary conditions as far as the manufacturing process will allow and precautions should be taken for their safety and prevention of accidents.

 The terms accidents and injuries are often used interchangeably. An accident may be defined as an unintended occurrence arising out of employment that either causes personal injury or causes property damage or interference with production or other business activity under such circumstances that personal injury might have resulted. the prime purpose of accident prevention is to prevent personal injuries and death. Practically , every accident is caused by more than one factor : unsafe physical conditions are those factors , which are present due to defects in condition , errors in design , faulty planning or omission of essential safety requirements

Responsibility of accident prevention

Emergency procedures Investigation of accidents Care in the use of material and equipment First aid

Cost associated with accidents

Companies could not admit huge losses from accident because: The info could effect the valuation of the company on the stock market The disclosure could give an edge to its competitors The info could create concern among the customers about the likely impact on cost of the product.

Safety organization
The safety department is usually located within the personal department The safety personnel should preferably report to someone senior in the organization He may report work to the production manager This can help in proper implementation of major safety programs , as operations and production are areas more prone to accidents.

Risk assessment
It is an essential part of safety operations There should be an ongoing program for assessing the reliability of process equipment There should be comprehensive risk analysis plan to indicate the impact of specific practiced emergency procedures. Safety induction and periodical refresher training for the regular employees and contract workmen should be given.

Value Analysis
Prepare an assignment on value analysis

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