Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The natural habitat of most oral bacteria A structured multi-species community Bacteria embedded in matrix with water channels Attachment - growth - ecological succession - maturation
http://www.eastman.ucl.ac.uk/research/MD/biofilms_ecology_confocal/index.html
Ecological succession
3 colonizers (Gram-) Porphyromonas gingivalis
2 colonizers (Gram-) Bridge species - F. nucleatum Bind other bacteria 1 colonizers (Gram+) Streptococci bind pellicle proteins from saliva DENT 5302
Kolenbrander et al. 2002, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:486
Inter-bacterial coaggregation
1M
1M
Streptococcus cristatus coaggregating with F. nucleatum - adhesins interacting with receptors Coaggregation is important in ecological succession Fusobacterium nucleatum is considered a bridge species because it is a promiscuous coaggregator
Interspecies collaboration - O2
Streptococcus cristatus Facultative species Can live w/ or w/o O2 Uses up O2 when available In vitro three-species biofilm made by replicating an ecological succession
Fusobacterium nucleatum Robust anaerobe Binding strep improves survival when O2 is present
Porphyromonas gingivalis Sensitive anaerobe Coaggregation essential to survival when O2 is present
Inter-species competition
Many oral species produce substances that can kill closely related competitors
Overlay experiment: Streptococcus sobrinus lawn Spotted with wild-type Streptococcus mutans strain producing mutacins I and IV Single knockout mutants Double knockout mutants Measure zones of growth inhibition
Inter-species communication
Streptococci ferment CHO Excrete lactic acid Veillonella use lactate made by Strep for nutrition They are biofilm buddies
Strep can make amylase Starch-digesting enzyme Enhances lactate excretion Veillonella send a chemical signal to activate transcription of Strep amylase gene Bacteria sense other species
Egland, Paul G. et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16917-16922
The tongue
A shedding surface -Cells slough off BUT Structure includes crypts and fissures
Collaborative invasion
Tissue culture experiment F. nucleatum invades epithelial cells S. cristatus does not invade cells After coaggregation, S. cristatus is carried inside by F. nucleatum
Edwards, Grossman, and Rudney 2006, Infect Immun 74: 654
Salivary transport
Quorum sensing tells bacteria when to grow, and when its time to go Bacteria at the outer surface of mature biofilms are signaled to detach and become planktonic -The goal is to find a new home -Different genes are active in planktonic and biofilm states Saliva is the transport medium for planktonic oral bacteria -They dont grow unless they encounter another surface Exfoliated epithelial cells in saliva can also transport bacteria -A protected environment