ELECTRONIC &

MICROPROCESSOR
(ECE 590)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan
Mekanikal
PROGRAM OUTCOME
 Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of
engineering fundamentals.

OBJECTIVE
 To develop knowledge in the operation simple electronic
circuits : diode and BJT
 To learn and develop knowledge in logic devices and
circuits
 To learn microprocessor system, programming and
simple interface techniques.
CHAPTER 1: CIRCUIT THEORY

 What is the meaning of voltage and current?

 Electrical components
 Ohm’s Law
 Kirchhoff's Laws
 Introduction to Electronic System
What is voltage and current?
 Voltage is the measure of specific potential
energy (potential energy per unit charge)
between two locations.
 When a voltage source is connected to a circuit,
the voltage will cause a uniform flow of electrons
through that circuit called a current.
 In a single (one loop) circuit, the amount of
current at any point is the same as the amount
of current at any other point.
Example (concept of voltage and
current)
Electrical Components
 Resistor
 Diode
 Transistor
 Capacitor
 Inductor
Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s Law simply states that current in a
resistive circuit is directly proportional to its
applied voltage and inversely proportional to
its resistance.
Example
Cont..

 As with all circuit elements, we need to know how the

current through and voltage across the device are related
 Materials with a linear relationship satisfy Ohm’s law: v
= ± mi
 The slope, m, is equal to the resistance of the element
 Ohm’s Law: v = iR
Short Circuit as Zero Resistance

 An element (or wire) with R = 0 is called a

short circuit
 Often just drawn as a wire (line)
R=∞ (infiniti)
Voltage Symbols
Example
Exercise:

0.2941mA
9.66V
4kΩ
6.76V
1.324mA
Kirchoff’s Laws
 The foundation of circuit analysis is
− The defining equations for circuit elements (e.g. Ohm’s law)
− Kirchoff’s current law (KCL)
− Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL)
 The defining equations tell us how the voltage and current
within a circuit element are related
 Kirchoff’s laws tell us how the voltages and currents in
different branches are related
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL): the algebraic sum

of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero
 The sum of currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving a node
Kirchoff’s Current Law for Boundaries
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum of

voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero
Introduction to Electronic Systems
 Analog circuits
 Most analog electronic appliances,
such as radio receivers, are
constructed from combinations of a
few types of basic circuits.
 Analog circuits are sometimes called
linear circuits although many non-
linear effects are used in analog
circuits such as mixers, modulators,
etc. Good examples of analog circuits
include vacuum tube and transistor
amplifiers, operational amplifiers and
oscillators.
 Digital circuits
 Digital circuits are electric circuits
based on a number of discrete voltage
levels
 To most engineers, the terms "digital
circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are
interchangeable in the context of
digital circuits. Most digital circuits use
two voltage levels labeled "Low"(0)
and "High"(1). Often "Low" will be near
zero volts and "High" will be at a
higher level depending on the supply
voltage in use.
 Computers, electronic clocks, and
programmable logic controllers (used
to control industrial processes) are
constructed of digital circuits