Allow tissue to bear mechanical stresses without

permanent distortion
Support soft tissue
Shock absorbing & sliding area for joints & facilitate
movement
Development & growth of long bones
Consists of chondrocytes & extracellular matrix
EM composed of fibers & ground substance
Chondrocytes secrete & synthesize EM
Cartilage matrix- proteoglycans, collagen, hyaluronic
acid & glycoproteins
Chondrocytes located in the lacunae
•Based on their matrix composition

•Three types

•Hyaline
•Elastic
•Fibrocartilage

•Cartilage has no lymphatic vessels or nerves

•Perichondrium- a sheath of CT surrounds

cartilage in most places
 Cell in Group
Perichandrium
Type ii collagen
Basophilic matrix

-Bluish gray, semitranslucent pliable substance.

-Site – nose, larynx trachea, bronchi ,articulating surfaces
of joints & epiphyseal plate of growing bones.
-Characteristics – chondrocytes usu.arranged in groups,
type II collagen, basophilic matrix, Perichondrium present.
  Cell in rows
 Rows btwn bundles of
collgn
 Type I coll fibres
 Acidophilic matrix
 No perichodrium

• Site – intervertebral disks, articular disks, pubic symphysis

• Charateristics – Composed of type I collagen fibres,

acidophilic matrix. Chondrocytes arranged in rows between
bundles of collagen,perichondrium absent
•Site – external ear, epiglottis and
eustachian tube (auditory tube)
•Characteristics – yellowish in
color and has a great opacity.
large number of elastic fibres and
few of collagen fibres +.
•Perichondrium present
 Diagram of the area of transition between the perichondrium and the hyaline
cartilage. As perichondrial cells differentiate into chondrocytes, they become
round, with an irregular surface. Cartilage (interterritorial) matrix contains
numerous fine collagen fibrils except around the periphery of the chondrocytes,
where the matrix consists primarily of glycosaminoglycans; this peripheral region
is called the territorial, or capsular, matrix.
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
The cell consist of
Osteoblasts
synthesize the organic component and responsible formation
new bone
 Osteocytes
mature cell that maintain the bone matrix
 Osteoclasts
cell responsible for destroying and remodelling bone
Bone matrix composed of
 Organic collagen fiber embedded in ground substances like a rod
steel
 Inorganic calcium and phosphorus bone salt called
hydroxyapatite like the cement
The both structure is responsible for the great tensile and
compressional strength of bone
 Osteoblasts
 Responsible for synthesis
of the organic
components of bone
matrix (glycoproteins, type
I collagen & proteoglycans)
 Located at the surfaces of
bone tissue-resembles
epithelium.
 Active engaged in matrix
synthesis- cuboidal to
columnar shape &
basophilic cytoplasm
 Not active-flatten in shape
 Some can gradually
become osteocytes
Lacunae form
Occupied by osteocytes
 Osteocytes
 Found in lacunae
situated between
lamellae.
 Cell comunication
via gap junction
 Involved in
maintenance of
bony matrix
 Death cell-
resorption of this
matrix
 Osteclasts
 Large & motile
 Contain 5 to 50 nuclei
 Derived from the fusion of
bone marrow-derived
cells
 In areas of bone
undergoing resorption,
osteoclasts lie within a
matrix known as
Howship's lacunae.
 Secrete collagenase &
other enzymes and
pump protons into
subcellular pocket
 Activity controlled by
cytokines & hormones
Compact bone
Dense area without cavities
Constitute the hard outer portion of a bone
The bone cell (osteocyte) are arranged in rings around a central
canal
(Harvesian canal) which contain blood vessel and nerve. Each
osteocyte occupies
a space called lacuna.
From each lacuna, there are tiny canal called canaliculi that
cross matrix of
bone
Nutrient diffuse through canaliculi to reach each osteocyte.
The matrix layers of bone tissue are called lamellae
Spongy bone

• areas with numerous interconnecting cavities

• Hv a poorly organized tissue

• Hs much greater Harvesian canal and less lamella,

providing space between the Harvesian system, which
are filled with the bone marrow where the blood cells
are produced. Generally, it makes the bone lighter

• No osteon are present. Nutrients reach the osteocytes

of spongy bone by diffusing through the canaliculi
from capillaries.
 Compact bone

Spongy bone
•Adult skeleton- 206 major bones
•Can be derived into 6 broad categories-according individual shaped

Relatively long n slender

Located in the arms, forearm,

thigh, leg, palm, soles, finger, n toes

Eg. Femur –long bone thigh,

largest n heaviest bone in the body

femur
 Small n boxy

Eg. carpal bone (wrist) and

tarsal bone (ankle)

Tarsal bone
 Thin, rough and
parallel surface
Form the roots of the
skull, sternum, rib, n
scapula
Fn. Provide protection
for underlying soft tissue
Offer an extensive
surface area for the
attachment of skeletal
muscles
Scapula
•Complex shapes –short, flat,
notched, ridge surface

•Eg. Pelvis bone n several

skull bone

Pelvis bone
 Small, flat shaped like sesame
seed

Develop inside tendons

Located at knees, hand n feet

Fn. Act to alter the direction of

pull of a tendon

Sesamoid bone
 Called Wormian bones

Small, flat, irregular

shaped bone

Located between flat

bones n irregular shaped
bone

Individual variation in
the number, shape,
position, structural bones
 Support – rigid framework – supports soft tissues
of the body and maintains the body’s shape-
providing of attachment for most body muscle
 Protection – to vital internal organs
 Assistance in movement – provide a lever system
on which muscles act to produce body mvmnt.
 Mineral storage – stores of minerals Ca, P, n Na
eg. Ca- muscle contraction, blood clotting
 Blood cell formation – hemopoiesis occur in the
marrow cavities of certain bones- red bone
marrow located in the center of some bones.