Everyday

Changes in

Chapter 3
Understanding
Solutions

Chapter 3, Sections 1
Solutions and
Suspensions
 Suspension- a mixture in
which particles can be seen
and easily separated by
settling or filtration
 Not evenly mixed
 Solution- a well-mixed
mixture; has the same
properties throughout
 Particles of a solution are too
small to see

 Pepper & water

Solvents and
Solutes
Solvent Solute

 Solvent- part of a solution  Solute- substance that is

present in the largest
amount
 Water is commonly a
solvent; “universal solvent”
present in a solution in a
smaller amount and
dissolved by the solvent
Particles in a
Solution
 Whenever a solution forms, particles of the solute
change physically. They leave each other and
become surrounded by particles of the solvent.
 Particles in a
Solution
Ionic Solids in Molecular Solids in Solutions and
Water Water Conductivity
 When ionic solids mix oNot all substances  Ionic compounds
with water, the positivebreak into ions when dissolved in water
and negative ions are conduct electricity, but
dissolved in water
attracted to polar water molecular compounds
molecules
oSugar breaks into do not
neutral molecules
 Water molecules oPolar water molecules  Electricity does not
surround each ion as it attract the polar sugar flow if there are no ions
leaves the surface of molecules present
the crystal. oCovalent bond are
undisturbed
 Dilute solution- a little solute is dissolved in the
water

 Concentrated solution- more solute dissolved in the

water

Concentration
Solubility
 Solubility is a measure of how well a solute can
dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature
 Saturated solution- no more solute will dissolve in
the solvent
 Unsaturated solution- more solute can be dissolved
in the solvent
 Solubility is a physical property of matter
Changing Solubility
Temperature Solvents

 Unlike solids, gases become  Solvents effect how well

less soluble when the solutes dissolve
temperature goes up (soda)
 Ionic and polar compounds
 Many solids dissolve better dissolve in polar solvents
when the temperature of the (water-based paint)
solvent increases (sugar)
 Non-polar compounds do not
dissolve in polar solvents
(oil-based paint)
Effects of Solutes on
Solutions
Lower Freezing
Points
 Solutes lower the freezing
point of a solvent
 Solute particles make it
harder for water molecules
to form crystals and freeze
 Homemade ice cream; icy
roads
Higher Boiling
Points
 Solutes raise the boiling
point of a solvent
 In a liquid molecules are
moving close to each other.
 In a gas, molecules are far
apart and moving rapidly
 Presence of salt makes
boiling point of water higher