Scheme of Presentation

Earthquake
Generation of Earth quake Terminologies Magnitude and intensity of Earth quake Seismic waves Type of seismic waves Hazardous effects of Earthquake

How do Earthquakes affect Reinforced concrete buildings Building planning

Size of buildings Horizontal layout of buildings Vertical layout of buildings Adjacency of buildings

Masonry structures during Earthquake Conclusion Findings and recommendation

Earth Quake
Earthquakes are major geological phenomena.
Man has been terrified of these phenomena for ages. Every year, earthquakes take the lives of thousands of people, and destroy worth billions Earthquake dont kill people, buildings do.

Generation of Earth Quake

A sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earths surface. Tectonic plates move and rub against each other. The tectonic plates try to settle down.

Terminologies
Focus or hypocenter: point on fault where slip starts Epicenter: vertically above focus on the surface Focal depth: distance between focus and epicenter

Epicentral distance: distance between epicenter and place of interest

Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquake

Magnitude: A quantitative measure of the actual size of the earthquake Intensity: A qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake

Seismic Waves
Shaking of ground on the Earths surface is a net consequence of motions Energy release at each material point within the three-dimensional volume that ruptures at the fault

Type of Seismic Waves

Body Waves .Primary Waves (P-waves)

Secondary Waves

Hazardous Effects of Earthquakes

Cracking
Fissuring Weakening Sinking Settlement

Differential settlement
Liquification Surface fault displacement

How do Earthquakes affect Reinforced Concrete Buildings?

Earthquake shaking generates inertia forces in

the building, which are proportional to the building mass. earthquake-induced inertia forces primarily

develop at the floor levels.

INERTIAL FORCES SLABS BEAMS COLUMNS AND WALLS FOUNDATIONS

The columns and walls at lower storeys experience higher earthquake-induced forces

Building Planning | Earthquake Resistant Buildings Size of Buildings

Horizontal Layout of Buildings Vertical Layout of Buildings Adjacency of Buildings

Size of Buildings
In tall buildings with large weight-to-base size ratio the horizontal movement of the floors during ground shaking is large. In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects during earthquake shaking are many. In buildings with large plan area, the horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls.

Horizontal Layout of Buildings

Buildings with simple geometry in plan will perform well during strong earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners, like U, V, H and + shaped in plan sustain significant damages.

Vertical Layout of Buildings

Buildings with vertical setbacks cause a sudden jump in earthquake forces at the level of discontinuity.
Any deviation or discontinuity in this load transfer path results in poor performance of building.

Adjacency of Buildings
When two buildings are close to each other, they may pound on each other during strong shaking.
When building heights do not match the roof of the shorter building, the shorter building may pound at the mid- height of the column of the taller one.

Masonry Structures during Earthquake

Masonry structures are more liable to be effected from earthquake as compare to reinforced concrete structures.
Special mitigation/ remedial measures should be taken for constructing of these kinds of structures like,
Horizontal Bands Vertical reinforcement Protection at opening of wall

Horizontal Bands
Horizontal bands are provided in masonry buildings to improve their earthquake performance. These bands include plinth band, lintel band and roof band.
The bands are provided to hold a masonry building as a single unit by tying all the walls together.

Vertical Reinforcement
Embedding vertical
reinforcement bars in the edges of the wall piers and anchoring them in the foundation at the bottom and in the roof band at the top

Protection of Openings in Walls

Bigger the openings larger will be cracks. Steel bars provided in the wall masonry all around the openings restrict these cracks at the corners.

Conclusion
Designing EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES is indispensable. It is imperative that structures are designed to resist earthquake forces, in order to reduce the loss of life. The science of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Design has improved tremendously, and thus today, we can design safe structures which can safely withstand earthquakes of reasonable magnitude.

Findings and Recommendations

Size and layout geometry of buildings should be simple.

Sufficient distance between two high-rise buildings should be left.

Zoning regulations should be strictly followed. Proper wall thickness along with proper bond in masonry course should be applied. Horizontal reinforcing elements should be provided. Control on overall dimensions and heights of buildings should be applied. Location and sitting of buildings should be made according to seismic zone map provided by THE SURVEY OF PAKISTAN.

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