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Cryobiology

Heat transfer problems

Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is given by

Where m is the mass, C is the specific heat and T is the temperature difference in K. Heat transfer is usually expressed in Joules.

Heat transfer by conduction


Heat transfer (Q) by Conduction formula is given by

Where k is the thermal conductivity of the material, A is the cross sectional area, THot is the higher temperature, TCold is the cooler temperature, t is the time taken, d is the thickness of the material.

Heat transfer by Convection


Heat transfer by Convection is given by

Where Hc is the heat transfer coefficient,

Heat transfer by radiation


The Heat transfer by radiation is given by

Here is the Stefan Boltzmann Constant = 5.670373 10-8 kg s-3 K-4

Question 1:
A room is maintained at 20oC where as temperature outside the room is 10oC. There is one of the window in the corner having area 1m by 2m. Calculate the heat transfer? Thermal Conductivity of glass is 1.4 W/mK.

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Question 2:
Calculate the Heat lost by the block when iron block decreases its temperature from 60oC to 40oC if the mass of the body is 2 Kg. Specific heat of iron C = 0.45 kJ/kg K.

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Question 3:
Calculate the heat required to raise 0.6 Kg of sand from 30oC to 90oC? (Specific Heat of sand = 0.08 J/KgoC)

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Question 4:
Calculate the temperature difference if 50 Kg of water gains 500 K J of heat? Specific Heat of water = 4.2 103 J/KgoC

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Question 5:
Calculate the specific heat capacity of given copper of mass 75 g and temperature difference 10oC if 200 J of heat is lost? Tips:

Question 6:
Calculate the heat capacity if 2000 J of heat is used to heat iron rod of mass 5 Kg from 20oC to 30oC? Tips:

Question 7:
Calculate the temperature if 100 J of heat is released by the body of mass 5 Kg having specific heat of 0.5 J/KgoC? Tips:

Question 8:
Calculate the heat released when the temperature changes by 50oC by a body of mass 4 Kg having specific heat of 0.04 J/kgoC? Tips:

Question 9:
Find the final temperature of the mixture, if two cup of water having masses m1=150g and m2=250g and temperatures T1= 30 C and T2=75 C are mixed in an isolated system in which there is no heat lost. ( c water=1cal/g.C)

Question 10:
Two matters have specific heat capacities c and 2c. If we give Q and 4Q heat to these matters, changes in the temperatures of them become equal. If the matter A has mass m, find the mass of matter B in terms of m.

Newton's Law of Cooling Formula


The rate of loss of heat by a body is directly proportional to the temperature difference between system and surroundings, provided the difference is small.

Where t is the time taken, T(t) is the temperature of the given body at time t, Ts is the surrounding temperature, To is the initial temperature of the body, k is the constant

Question 1:
The oil is heated to 60oC. It cools to 50oC after 6 minutes. Find the time taken by the oil to cool from 50oC to 40oC (Surrounding temperature Ts = 25oC).

Question 2:
Robin heats the water to 70oC. He waits for 10 min. How much would be the temperature if k = 0.056 per min and surrounding temperature is 27oC.

Latent Heat Formula


Q= mL

L = Q/m Where, L = Latent heat of the substance Q = Amount of energy transferred for the Phase change m = Mass of the substance

Latent Heat Flux


It is denoted by Qe when water evaporates, it removes significant amounts of heat. The energy that is added to break the hydrogen bonds to allow evaporation is removed by the water vapour. It can be calculated with the help of Bulk Formula, Qe = aLECLU10(qaqs) Where, a = Density Of air ( 1.2 kg/m3) LE = Latent Heat of vaporization (2260 kJ/kg) CL = Bulk transfer coefficient (Stanton Number) U10 = Wind speed at 10 m qa = specific Humidity at saturation qs = specific Humidity of overlying air

Latent heat

Latent heat

Question 1:
Find the amount of heat for melting the ice having mass 1.3kg at -10 C? (Lfusion =3.3105 joule/kg, cice=2.2X103j/kg.C) Hints: Addition of two separate events

Question 2:
Find the amount of heat for evaporating 2.8kg of water at 45 C? (Lvaporization =2.3106 joule/kg cwater=4190j/kg.C) Hints: Addition of two separate events

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