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Temperature
Temperature is defined as a measure of how hot something is when we touch it. Because related with the humans feelings and senses that they are not reliable and influenced by psychological factors, temperature measurement should be defined exactly by certain scale. Based on the zero law of the thermodynamics that if body A is in thermal equilibrium with body C, and body B is in thermal equilibrium with body C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with B, the thermometer is made.
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Temperature (cont)
Two objects are in the thermal equilibrium mean that they are at the same temperature. Suppose we want to measure the temperature of two beaker of liquid, A and B. We use a thermometer as body C. Firstly we place it in contact with A and record a reading, say 22.5C. Then we place it in contact with B and again obtain the reading 22.5C. Thus we know that A and B are at the same temperature and are in thermal equilibrium.
Temperature Scale
To measure temperature we can use
Celsius Kelvin (absolute temperature) Fahrenheit
The relation between Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit; K = 273.15 + oC oF = 32 + 9/5 oC oC= 5/9(oF-32)
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is phenomena occurred when the temperature of solid or liquid is changed. If at an initial temperature (To) an object has length Lo along some dimension, its length will change by an amount L = L-Lo, and From the experimental was be found that;
L LoT
and
L Lo(1 T )
V 3VoT VoT
Example
1. Aluminum rivets (= 24x10-6 oC-1) used in airplane construction are made slightly larger than the holes into which they fit and then cooled in dry ice to -78 oC before being inserted. When they then warm up to room temperature (23oC) they fit very tightly. If a rivet at -78oC is to be inserted into a hole of diameter 3.20 mm, what should the diameter of the rivets be at 23oC.
Example (cont) 3. A pair of eyeglass frames is made of epoxy plastic. At room temperature (20.0C), the frames have circular lens holes 2.20 cm in radius. To what temperature must the frames be heated if lenses 2.21 cm in radius are to be inserted in them? The average coefficient of linear expansion for epoxy is 1.30 x10-4 (C)-1.
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Thermal Energy (=internal energy) of system is collective kinetic and potential energy associated with the random motion of the atoms and molecules comprising the system. Heat is the energy transferred between a system and its surroundings because of their temperature difference.
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HEAT
Substance Substance
Internal energy
Temperature
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Unit of Heat
Heat is energy, so the unit of heat can be stated in joule, But for the thermal the unit of energy is calorie (cal). 1 calorie is defined as the amount of energy transfer necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5C to 15.5C. From the mechanical equivalent of heat experiment conducted by joule (see figure below) it is can be found that; 1 cal = 4.186 J The other unit is Btu (British Thermal Unit), whereas 1 Btu = 252 cal = 1054 J
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Q mcT
Where Q = heat (joule or calorie) m = mass c = specific heat (j/kg.oC or cal/g.oC T= changes of temperature
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The energy that must be added (or removed) to cause the solid-liquid transition in 1kg of a given material is called the latent heat of fusion (Lf). The energy that must be added (or removed) to cause the liquid-gas transition in 1kg of a given material is called the latent heat of vaporization (Lv). From the definition of latent heat, and again choosing heat as our energy transfer mechanism, we find that the energy required to change the phase of a given mass m of a pure substance is
Q mL
L is Lf or Lv
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removed
added
solid
gas
Lv
Lf
liquid
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Part A temperature increases, phase is still ice. Part B, after temperature reaches 0oC (melting point of water), temperature still in 0oC and the phase will be changed from ice (solid) to water (liquid). Part C temperature increases from 0o to 100oC. Part D after temperature reaches 100oC, (boiling point of water) temperature constant and phase will be changed to steam or vapor. Part E, After all of water changed to vapor temperature will increase.
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Hint Solution problem of heat capacity and heat latent If two substance or more are blended, then the substance that has higher temperature will loose of the energy and the other will gain the energy. In a system, It is can be written as;
Qgained = -Qlost
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Problems Example
1. 80 grams of brass (c=0.092 cal/goC) at 292 oC is added to 200 g of water (c=1 cal/goC) at 14 oC in insulated container of negligible heat capacity. What is the final temperature of the system. 2. To 160 g of water at 10 oC is added 200 g of iron (c=0.11 cal/g. oC) at 80 oC and 80 g of marble (c=0.21 cal/g oC) at 20 oC. What is the final temperature of the mixture. 3. Determine the amount of energy that must be lost by freezer to make 1.5 kg of ice at -12 oC from water at 20 oC.
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