2010 Cwna - PP 5 - Ieee 802.11 Standards

IEEE 802.
11 Standards
Chapter 05
Customized by: Brierley
CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official, Study Guide, David D. Coleman & David A. Westcott, Sybex
What Will I Learn?

We will cover the original 802.11 standard as well as its many ratified enhancements, which have been incorporated in the current 802.11-2007 standard. Possible future enhancements. We will cover the following:
All the defined PHY and MAC layer requirements of the original 802.11 Prime standard All the approved enhancements to the 802.11 standard in the form of ratified amendments, including higher data rates, different spread spectrum technologies, quality of service, and security Future capabilities and improvements as proposed in the 802.11 draft documents, including increased throughput, mesh networking, client management, and more
What Will I Learn?

Although many proprietary Wi-Fi solutions exist and will continue to exist in the foreseeable future, standardization brings stability to the marketplace. The 802.11-2007 standard and all the future enhanced supplements provide a much needed foundation for vendors, network administrators, and end users.
The CWNA exam will test your knowledge of the original 802.11-2007 standard and all the related technologies. Technologies discussed in the 802.11n draft amendment are also covered in the CWNA exam. Your primary focus should be on the 802.11-2007 standard.
However, please understand that when 802.11 draft amendments become approved, they will be weighted heavier in future versions of the CWNA exam.
Key Terms
802.11-2007 standard Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band 802.1X Infrared (IR) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) authentication lightweight access points autonomous access points mesh access point (MAP) Barker code mesh networking Complementary Code Keying (CCK) mesh point (MP) Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol mesh point portal (MPP) (CCMP) mixed mode data privacy multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) data rate Open System authentication Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Packet Binary Convolutional Code (PBCC) distribution system Point Coordination Function (PCF) distribution system preshared keys (PSKs) DSSS-OFDM protection mechanism dynamic frequency selection (DFS) quality of service (QoS) Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) roaming ERP-PBCC robust security network (RSN) Extended Rate Physical (ERP) Shared Key authentication Extended Rate Physical DSSS (ERP-DSSS/CCK) task groups Extended Rate Physical OFDM (ERP-OFDM) Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) transmit power control (TPC) fast basic service set transition (FT) Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) fast secure roaming Voice over IP (VoIP) frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) High Throughput (HT) Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) High-Rate DSSS (HR-DSSS) Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) wireless distribution system (WDS) Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) WLAN controller CWNA: Certified Wireless Network
Administrator Official, Study Guide, David D. Coleman & David A. Westcott, Sybex
Key Topics
5.1. Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard 5.2. IEEE 802.11 Ratified Amendments 5.3. IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments
Discussion Topics
IEEE 802.11 standard IEEE 802.11 ratified amendments IEEE 802.11 draft amendments
802.11b 802.11a 802.11g 802.11d 802.11F 802.11h 802.11i 802.11j 802.11e 802.11k 802.11r 802.11m 802.11n 802.11p 802.11s 802.11T 802.11u 802.11v 802.11w 802.11y 802.11z 802.11aa
Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

The IEEE specifically defines 802.11 technologies at the Physical layer and the MAC sublayer of the Data-Link layer. The 802.11 standard does not address the upper layers of the OSI model, the exception being quality of service (QoS). The PHY Task Group worked in conjunction with the MAC Task Group to define the original 802.11 standard

The PHY Task Group defined three original Physical layer specifications:
Infrared (IR) Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
Infrared (IR) Infrared (IR) technology uses a light-based medium. Although it was indeed defined in the original 802.11 standard, the implementation is obsolete.
More information website, at www.irda.org.

Infrared devices are known as clause 16 devices.

Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Radio frequency signals can be defined as narrowband signals or as spread spectrum signals. An RF signal is considered spread spectrum when the bandwidth is wider than what is required to carry the data. Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a spread spectrum technology that was first patented during World War II. Frequency hopping 802.11 radio cards is often called clause 14

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is another spread spectrum technology that is frequently used and easiest to implement.
DSSS 802.11 radio cards are often known as clause 15 devices.

As defined by 802.11 Prime, the frequency space in which either FHSS or DSSS radio cards can transmit is the license-free 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientifc, and Medical (ISM) band. The industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands
10

DSSS 802.11 radio cards can transmit in channels subdivided from the entire 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz ISM band.
The IEEE is more restrictive for FHSS radio cards, which are permitted to transmit on 1 MHz subcarriers in the 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz range of the 2.4 GHz ISM band. It is important to understand that an 802.11 DSSS (clause 15) radio cannot communicate with an 802.11 (clause 14) FHSS radio.
11

What about the speeds? Data rates defined by the original 802.11 standard were 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps regardless of which spread spectrum technology was used. A data rate is the number of bits per second the Physical layer carries during a single-frame transmission, millions of bits per second (Mbps). Data rate is the speed and not actual throughput. Because of medium access methods, aggregate throughput is typically one-half or less of the available data rate speed.
12
IEEE 802.11 Ratified Amendments

At the time your book was written, 11 amendments to the standard had been ratified and published. In 2007, the IEEE consolidated the majority of the ratified amendments with the original standard, creating a single document that is now published as the 802.11-2007 standard. The Wi-Fi Alliance and most WLAN professionals still refer to the ratified amendments by name.
13
802.11b
The Physical layer medium that is defined by 802.11b is High-Rate DSSS (HR-DSSS).
The frequency space in which 802.11b radio cards can operate is the unlicensed 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz ISM band.
802.11b radio cards are known as clause 18 devices. The 802.11b amendment specifies the use of only a DSSS-type physical medium and does not specify FHSS. Because a good portion of the legacy 802.11 deployments used FHSS, 802.11b radio cards are not backward compatible with those systems and cannot be used. However, 802.11b clause 18 radio cards are backward compatible with DSSS clause 15 devices. Many of the legacy devices did not undergo any compatibility testing such as that provided by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
14
802.11a
The engineers in the Task Group a (TGa) set out to define how 802.11 technologies would operate in newly allocated Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) frequency bands. 802.11a radio cards can transmit in three different 100 MHz unlicensed frequency bands in the 5 GHz range. A total of 12 channels are available in the three UNII bands. All aspects of the 802.11a ratified amendment can now be found in clause 17 of the 802.11-2007 standard. These devices are required to support data rates of 6, 12, and 24 Mbps with a maximum of 54 Mbps.
15
802.11a
With the use of a spread spectrum technology called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps are supported in most manufacturers radio cards. Note: 802.11a radio cards cannot communicate with 802.11 legacy, 802.11b, or 802.11g radio cards for two reasons: First, 802.11a radio cards use a different spread spectrum technology than 802.11 legacy or 802.11b devices. Second, 802.11a devices transmit in the 5 GHz UNII bands, while the 802.11/802.11b/802.11g devices operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Many enterprise wireless deployments run both 802.11a and 802.11b/g networks simultaneously
16
802.11g
The IEEE defines 802.11g cards as clause 19 devices, which transmit in the 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz ISM frequency band. Clause 19 defines a technology called Extended Rate Physical (ERP). All aspects of the 802.11g ratified amendment can now be found in clause 19 of the 802.11-2007 standard.
17
What Is the Difference between ERPDSSS/CCK, DSSS, and HR-DSSS?

From a technical viewpoint, there is no difference between ERP-SSS/CCK and DSSS and HR-DSSS. A key point of the 802.11g amendment was to maintain backward compatibility with older 802.11 (DSSS only) and 802.11b radios while at the same time achieving higher data rates. 802.11g devices (clause 19 radios) use ERP-OFDM for the higher data rates. ERP-DSSS/CCK is effectively the same technology as the DSSS that is used by legacy 802.11 devices (clause 15 radios), and HR-DSSS that is used by 802.11b devices (clause 18 radios).
18
802.11d
The original 802.11 standard was written for compliance with the regulatory domains of the United States, Japan, Canada, and Europe. Regulations in other countries might define different limits on allowed frequencies and transmit power. The 802.11d amendment, which was published as IEEE Std. 802.11d-2001, added requirements and definitions necessary to allow 802.11 WLAN equipment to operate in areas not served by the original standard. Country code information is delivered in fields inside two wireless frames called beacons and probe responses. This information is then used by 802.11d-compliant devices to ensure that they are abiding by a particular countrys frequency and power rules.
19
802.11F
The original published 802.11 standard mandated that vendor access points support roaming. The use of an uppercase letter designation for an IEEE task group, such as that in IEEE Task Group F, indicates that this amendment (F) is considered a recommended practice and not part of the 802.11-2007 standard. The amendment was never ratified and was withdrawn in February 2006.
20
802.11h
Published as IEEE Std. 802.11h-2003, this amendment defines Mechanisms for dynamic frequency selection (DFS) and transmit power control (TPC). It was originally proposed to satisfy regulatory requirements for operation in the 5 GHz band in Europe and to detect and avoid Interference with 5 GHz satellite and radar systems.
In the United States and Europe, radar detection and avoidance is required in both the UNII-2 and UNII-2 Extended bands.
The 802.11h amendment effectively introduced two major enhancements: more frequency space with the introduction of the UNII-2 Extended band, and radar avoidance and detection technologies. All aspects of the 802.11h ratified amendment can now be found in clauses 11.8 and 11.9 of the 802.11-2007 standard.
21
802.11i
Two key components of any wireless security solution are data privacy (encryption) and authentication (identity verifcation). For seven years (1997 to 2004), the only defined method of encryption in an 802.11 network was the use of 64-bit static encryption called Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WEP encryption has long been cracked and is not considered an acceptable means of providing data privacy. Stronger encryption method called Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP), which uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. 802.11i defines two methods of authentication using either:
IEEE 802.1X authorization framework or preshared keys (PSKs)
The Wi-Fi Alliance also has a certification known as Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), which is a mirror of the IEEE 802.11i security amendment it is fully compliant with 802.11i. All aspects of the 802.11i ratified security amendment can now be found in clause 8 of the 802.112007 standard.
22
802.11j
The main goal set out by the IEEE Task Group j (TGj) was to obtain Japanese regulatory approval by enhancing the 802.11 MAC and 802.11a PHY to additionally operate in Japanese 4.9 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The 802.11j amendment was approved and published as IEEE Std. 802.11j2004.
23
802.11e
Since the adoption of the original 802.11 standard, there have not been any adequate quality of service (QoS) procedures defined for the use of timesensitive applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP). Voice over Wireless IP (VoWIP) is also known as Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN) and as Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi). The terminology used by most vendors and the CWNP program is Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi).
24
802.11k
The goal of the 802.11 Task Group k (TGk) is to provide a means of radio resource measurement (RRM). This amendment calls for measurable client statistical information in the form of requests and reports for the Physical layer 1 and the MAC sublayer of the Data-Link layer 2. 802.11k defines mechanisms in which client station resource data is gathered and processed by an access point or WLAN controller (WLAN controllers. The 802.11k amendment is not part of the 802.11-2007 standard but it was ratified in June of 2008 and is published as IEEE 802.11k-2008.
25
802.11r
The 802.11r amendment is known as the fast basic service set transition (FT) amendment. The technology is more often referred to as fast secure roaming because it defines faster handoffs when roaming occurs between cells in a WLAN using the strong security defined by a robust secure network (RSN). The 802.11r amendment is not part of the 802.11-2007 standard. However, it was ratified in July of 2008 and is published as IEEE 802.11r-2008. Tactical enterprise deployments of this technology will be extremely important for providing more-secure communications for VoWiFi. The details of this technology will soon be a heavily tested topic on the CWSP exam.
26
IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments

What does the future hold in store for us with 802.11 wireless networking? The draft amendments are a looking glass into the enhancements and capabilities that might be available in the near future for 802.11 wireless networking devices: Greater throughput, client control, improved roaming, mesh networking, and more await us on the wireless horizon.
The CWNA exam (PW0-104) currently covers all of the technologies defined in the ratified amendments that are now part of the 802.11-2007 standard.
You will not be tested on the draft amendments except for 802.11n, because most enterprise vendors are already implementing 802.11n technology, and the Wi-Fi Alliance is certifying the technology.
27
Access Point Dual Radio Cards
28
Glimpse into the future of more-advanced Wi-Fi products
29
802.11m
Often referred to as 802.11 housekeeping because of its mission of clarifying and correcting the 802.11 standard. Unless you are a member of TGm, this amendment is of little significance.
30
802.11n
The objective of the 802.11n amendment is to increase the throughput in both the:
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands.
The 802.11n amendment defines a new operation known as HighThroughput (HT), which provides PHY and MAC enhancements to support throughput of 100 Mbps or greater.
31
802.11p
The mission of the 802.11 Task Group p (TGp) is to define enhancements to the 802.11 standard to support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. Data exchanges between high-speed vehicles will be possible in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz. Additionally, communications between vehicles and roadside infrastructure will be supported in the 5 GHz bands, specifcally the 5.850 GHz to 5.925 GHz band within North America
32
802.11s
The 802.11s amendment proposes the use of a protocol for adaptive, autoconfguring systems that support broadcast, multicast, and unicast traffc over a multihop mesh WDS. A mesh point portal (MPP) is a device that acts as a gateway to one or more external networks such as an 802.3 wired backbone.
33
802.11T
The 802.11T draft is also called Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP). Its final objective is consistent and universally accepted WLAN measurement practices. These 802.11 performance benchmarks and methods could be used by independent test labs, manufacturers, and even end users.
34
802.11u
The 802.11T draft is also called Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP). Its final objective is consistent and universally accepted WLAN measurement practices. These 802.11 performance benchmarks and methods could be used by independent test labs, manufacturers, and even end users.
35
802.11v
While 802.11k defnes methods of retrieving information from client stations, 802.11v will give us the ability to configure client stations wirelessly from a central point of management. The main goal of the IEEE Task Group v (TGv) is for WLAN infrastructure (access points and wireless switches) to take improved control of wireless client.
36
802.11w
Wireless Network The IEEE Task Group w (TGw) is working on a protected management frame amendment with a goal of delivering management frames in a secure manner. The end result will hopefully prevent some of the layer 2 denial-ofservice attacks that currently exist.
37
802.11y
The objective of the IEEE Task Group y (TGy) is to standardize the mechanisms required to allow high-powered, shared 802.11 operation with other users in the 3650 MHz3700 MHz band in the United States and possibly other frequencies in other countries.
38
802.11z
The purpose of IEEE Task Group z (TGz) is to establish and standardize a Direct Link Setup (DLS) mechanism to allow operation with non-DLS-capable access points. In most WLAN environments, all frame exchanges between client stations that are associated to the same access point must pass through the access point. DLS allows client stations to bypass the access point and communicate with direct frame exchanges. Some of the earlier amendments have defined DLS communications.
39
802.11aa
The 802.11aa amendment specifies enhancements to the 802.11 Media Access Control (MAC) for robust audio video streaming, while maintaining coexistence with other types of traffic.
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Roaming
41
Roaming-distribution System Medium
42
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
43
Mesh Points, Mesh Aps and Mesh Portal
44
Key Terms
802.1X (ERP-DSSS/CCK) Advanced Encryption Standard Extended Rate Physical OFDM (AES) (ERP-OFDM) authentication Extensible Authentication Protocol autonomous access points (EAP) Barker code fast basic service set transition (FT) Complementary Code Keying (CCK) fast secure roaming Counter Mode with Cipher Block frequency hopping spread Chaining Message Authentication spectrum (FHSS) Code Protocol High Throughput (HT) (CCMP) High-Rate DSSS (HR-DSSS) data privacy Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) data rate Hybrid Coordination Function Direct sequence spread spectrum Controlled (DSSS) Channel Access (HCCA) Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP) distribution system Industrial, Scientific, and Medical distribution system (ISM) band DSSS-OFDM Infrared (IR) dynamic frequency selection (DFS) Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) Enhanced Distributed Channel Access lightweight access points (EDCA) mesh access point (MAP) ERP-PBCC mesh networking Extended Rate Physical (ERP) mesh point (MP) Extended Rate Physical DSSS CWNA: mesh point portal (MPP) Certified Wireless Network
Administrator Official, Study Guide, David D. Coleman & David A. Westcott, Sybex
mixed mode multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Open System authentication Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Packet Binary Convolutional Code (PBCC) Point Coordination Function (PCF) preshared keys (PSKs) protection mechanism quality of service (QoS) roaming robust security network (RSN) Shared Key authentication task groups Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) transmit power control (TPC) Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) Voice over IP (VoIP)
45
What Did I Learn?

We covered the original 802.11 standard as well as its many ratified enhancements, which have been incorporated in the current 802.11-2007 standard. Possible future enhancements. We will cover the following:
All the defined PHY and MAC layer requirements of the original 802.11 Prime standard All the approved enhancements to the 802.11 standard in the form of ratified amendments, including higher data rates, different spread spectrum technologies, quality of service, and security Future capabilities and improvements as proposed in the 802.11 draft documents, including increased throughput, mesh networking, client management, and more CWNA: Certified Wireless Network
Customized by: Brierley Administrator Official, Study Guide, David D. Coleman & David A. Westcott, Sybex 46
What Did I Learn?

Although many proprietary Wi-Fi solutions exist and will continue to exist in the foreseeable future, standardization brings stability to the marketplace. The 802.11-2007 standard and all the future enhanced supplements provide a much needed foundation for vendors, network administrators, and end users.
The CWNA exam will test your knowledge of the original 802.11-2007 standard and all the related technologies. Technologies discussed in the 802.11n draft amendment are also covered in the CWNA exam. Your primary focus should be on the 802.11-2007 standard.
However, please understand that when 802.11 draft amendments become approved, they will be weighted heavier in future versions of the CWNA exam.
47
END
Ch 05 - IEEE 802.11 Standards Next Ch 06 - Wireless Networks & Spread Spectrum Technologies
48

2010 Cwna - PP 5 - Ieee 802.11 Standards

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2010 Cwna - PP 5 - Ieee 802.11 Standards

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IEEE 802.

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What Will I Learn?

What Will I Learn?

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Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

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Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

More information website, at www.irda.org.

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Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

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Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

DSSS 802.11 radio cards are often known as clause 15 devices.

Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

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Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard

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IEEE 802.11 Ratified Amendments

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What Is the Difference between ERPDSSS/CCK, DSSS, and HR-DSSS?

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IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments

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Access Point Dual Radio Cards

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Glimpse into the future of more-advanced Wi-Fi products

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Roaming-distribution System Medium

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Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure

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Mesh Points, Mesh Aps and Mesh Portal

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What Did I Learn?

What Did I Learn?

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