Design Of Offshore Structures

3.2 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS 3.2.1 Axial Tension The allowable tensile stress, Ft, for cylindrical members subjected to axial tensile loads should be determined from: Ft = 0.6 Fy (3.2.1-1) where Fy = yield strength, ksi (MPa). 3.2.2 Axial Compression 3.2.2.a Column Buckling The allowable axial compressive stress, Fa, should be determined from the following AISC formulas for members with a D/t ratio equal to or less than 60:

where E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity, ksi (MPa), K = effective length factor, Section 3.3.1d, l = unbraced length, in. (m), r = radius of gyration, in. (m). For members with a D/t ratio greater than 60, substitute the critical local buckling stress (Fxe or Fxc, whichever is smaller) for Fy in determining Cc and Fa. Equation 1.5-3 in the AISC Specification should not be used for design of primary bracing members in offshore structures. This equation may be used only for secondary members such as boat landings, stairways, etc

3.2.2.b Local Buckling Unstiffened cylindrical members fabricated from structural steels specified in Section 8.1( Table 8.1.4-1Structural Steel Plates )should be investigated for local buckling due to axial compression when the D/t ratio is greater than 60. When the D/t ratio is greater than 60 and less than 300, with wall thickness t > 0.25 in. (6 mm), both the elastic (Fxe) and inelastic local buckling stress (Fxc) due to axial compression should be determined from Eq. 3.2.2-3 and Eq. 3.2.2-4. Overall column buckling should be determined by substituting the critical local buckling stress (Fxe or Fxc, whichever is smaller) for Fy in Eq. 3.2.2-1 and in the equation for Cc. 1. Elastic Local Buckling Stress. The elastic local buckling stress, Fxe, should be determined from: Fxe = 2CE t/D (3.2.2-3) where C = critical elastic buckling coefficient, D = outside diameter, in. (m), t = wall thickness, in. (m). The theoretical value of C is 0.6. However, a reduced value of C = 0.3 is recommended for use in Eq. 3.2.2-3 to account for the effect of initial geometric imperfections within API Spec 2B tolerance limits. 2. Inelastic Local Buckling Stress. The inelastic local buckling stress, Fxc, should be determined from:

3.2.3 Bending The allowable bending stress, Fb, should be determined from:

3.2.4 Shear 3.2.4.a Beam Shear The maximum beam shear stress, fv, for cylindrical members is:

Ip = polar moment of inertia, in.4 (m4), and the allowable torsional shear stress, Fvt, should be determined from: Fvt = 0.4 Fy

where z = depth below still water surface including tide, ft (m). z is positive measured downward from the still water surface. For installation, z should be the maximum submergence during the launch or differential head during the upending sequence, plus a reasonable increase in head to account for structural weight tolerances and for deviations from the planned installation sequence.

Design Philosophies
WSD/ASD-Working Stress Design LSD Limit state Design LRFD-Load and Resistance Factor Design PD-Plastic Design WSD/ASDService loads are calculated as expected in service Linear Elastic analysis is performed Allowable Stress= Material Strength/FS Design is satisfied if the Maximum Stress Allowable Stress Limitations No 100%sure load effects will not exceed strength Case specific , No guarantee that design will cover all cases Arbitrary choice of SF

Refer Stress-strain Curve

60%of yield stress =Axial Stress

40%of yield stress=shear stress

Estimated Loads

Design Loads

Adjusted Resistance

Tested Material Strength

Design Values

Theoretical Margin Applied to Material Stress

 Design Loads are calculated for each effect and combined appropriately Compression Tension Bending Shear Torsion Hoop Allowable Stresses taken as a fraction (FS) of yielding including the geometric effect such as slenderness ,local and global buckling , torsional buckling etc Design state defined for the most worst combined case and a decision is made based on design load stresses and allowable stresses

Design Procedure

Design Loads
Design loads are taken as maximum occurring during the life No variability or probability of accidents are included At times ,suitable values is taken from historical data ,hind cast data and may reflect the real/true loads during its life time Allowable stresses:-Design yield strength assumed to be constant FS is chosen for each load effect Allowable stress is taken as a fraction of yield strength with assumed FS

Plastic Design
Service loads are factored by a Load Factor The structure is assumed to fail under these loads with plastic hinges formed The cross section is designed to resist the Plastic Analysis Members are safe as they will only be subjected to service loads Limitations : Preclude other stability ,fatigue etc Neglecting the uncertainty in material strength Arbitrary choice of material factor

Limit State Design

LSD is condition at which a structure or some part of that structure ceases to perform its intended function. Functional Requirements : Max. Deflections , Drift , Vibration , Permanent deformation Could be conceptual : Plastic Hinge or Mechanism formation ,Fracture or instability ,cracks

Limit States of Strength

Safety against extreme loads during the intended life of the structure Based on safety or load carrying capacity Plastic strength ,Buckling ,Fracture , Fatigue , overturning. LRFD:- it is based on the limit state philosophy Service loads are multiplied by load factors ()and linear elastic analysis is performed Material strength is reduced by multiplying the nominal material strength by a resistance factor ()

Basis of LFRD specification

Probabilistic models of loads and resistance Calibration of LFRD criteria to the Established ASD specification for selected members The evaluation of the resulting criteria by judgment and past experience aided by comparative design office studies of representative structures LFRD Checking Eqn i Qi=iRn Rn Nominal Strength and Qi-Load Effect Partial Safety
Factors

LFRD advantages
Statistical calculations Uniform FS as both load and Resistance Load factors account for Variability (Uncertainty ) in loads . Resistance factors to account for -: Geometry and material property variability , Imperfections in analysis theory ,Consequence of Failure Limit states in DOS 1.ULS Ultimate Limit States Ultimate strength behavior 2.FLS- Fatigue Limit States Fatigue and Fracture behavior 3.SLS Serviceability Limit States Displacements and Deflections ALS- Accidental Limit States Collision , Fire , Blast , Dropped Object

Partial Safety Factors

Dead Load :1.0-1.2 Variable Load :1.3-1.4 Environmental Load : 1.3-1.4 The material partial Safety factors vary with material type Ultimate strength Design :- ULS A and ULS B ULS A Extreme permanent loads with regular environmental conditions ULS B Large permanent loads with extreme environmental conditions

API RP 2A WSD
Operating Dead Loads and Live Loads (Max/Min ) Combined with environment appropriated to normal operations (Typical 1year to 5 year storm ) Design - Dead Loads and Live Loads (Max/Min ) Combined with environment appropriated to Extreme Conditions (Typical 50year to 100 year storm )

API RP 2A WSD
Allowable stress for Cylindrical Members Loading Type ---Allowable Stresses Axial Tension --- 0.60Fy Axial Compression ---- <0.60Fy Bending ----<0.75Fy Shear ----- 0.4 Fy Hoop Buckling SF =2.0 Connections SF=1.7