WHAT IS PHYSICS?

From Greek word physikos

IS A BRANCH OF SCIENCE CONCERNING THE STUDY ABOUT NATURAL PHENOMENA AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

HAVE YOU EVER WONDER?

Why hot coffee will gradually turn cold after an hour? How your image can be formed on mirror?

Forces and pressure

Force and motion Wave

Light

Field of study in Physics

Radioactivity

Electric and Electronic Heat

Electromagnetism

Physical quantity
Is a quantity that can be measured Eg: mass, length, volume, temperature

Base quantity
Is a quantity that cannot

Derived quantity
Is a quantity that can be

be derived in other base quantity.

derived from other base quantity by multiplication or division.

Base quantity
Base Quantity Length, l Mass, m SI units metres, m kilogram, kg

Derived quantity
Derived Quantity Volume, V Density, Velocity, v Force, F Acceleration, a Units m3 kgm-3 ms-1 N ms-2

Time, t second, s Temperature, T Kelvin, k Electrical current, I Ampere, A

Prefixes Use to represent physical quantities which are very big

or very small in S.I units.
Prefix Tera Symb ol T Multiplication factor 1012 Value 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 1000 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001

Giga Mega Kilo Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Pico

G M k d c m n p

109 106 103 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

Scientific notation/ Standard form

Numerical values which very small or big can be

written in standard form: A 10n (1 A < 10, positive or negative integer) Exercises: 1) Write 0.0000008 in scientific notation. 2) The equatorial diameter of earth is 12 760 000 m. Write the diameter in standard form.

Conversion unit Convert the measurement:

a) 5.7 cm to metre b) 1.5 km to metre

c) 1.1 g cm-3 to kg m-3

d) 1.45 10-2 Mm to m e) 2.25 1010 m to m

f) 2.2 108 Gm to m
g) 36 kmh-1 to ms-1 h) 8 cm2 to km2

i) 16 m2 to cm2

8.1 kgm-3 to gcm-3 k) 25 ms-1 to kmh-1

j)

1.3.1 Measure physical quantity using appropriate instruments.

a) Metre rule
Sensitivity 0.1 cm Function Measure length from a few cm up to 1m

b)

Thermometer
Function Measure temperature. Sensitivity 1 oC / 2 oC

c)

Stopwatch
Function Measure time intervals. Sensitivity 0.1 s to 0.2 s

d)

Ammeter
Sensitivity 0.1 A / 0.2 A

Function Measure electric current.

e)

Voltmeter
Function Sensitivity 0.1 V / 0.2 V

Measure potential difference / voltage.

f)

Measuring tape
Sensitivity 1.0 cm

Function Measure long distance, circumference of round object.

g)

Vernier callipers
Sensitivity 0.01 cm

Function Measure length, diameter inner and outer and depth object with dimension up to 12.0 cm.

Function Main scale Inside jaws Outside jaws Scale of 0.1 cm to 12 cm Measure internal diameter Measure external diameter and length

Tail

Measure depth

How to take reading of vernier callipers?

Read main scale reading Observe the zero mark 0 on vernier scale. The vernier scale lies between 1.2 cm and 1.3 cm. Reading on main scale is 1.2 cm. 2. Read vernier scale reading Read mark on vernier scale that is exactly in line with any mark on main scale. Reading on vernier scale= 0.03 cm
1.

Main scale

Vernier scale

Reading = Reading on + Reading on main scale vernier scale = 1.2 + 0.03 cm = 1.23 cm

h)

Micrometer Screw Gauge

Function Sensitivity

Measure thickness or diameter of small object in range between 0.10 mm and 25.00 mm.

0.01 mm or 0.001 cm

Anvil and spindle

Function Used to grip object.

Sleeve Thimble Ratchet knob

Main scale Thimble scale Used to prevent exceeding pressure

How to take reading of micrometer screw gauge?

1. Read main scale reading Read main scale at edge of

thimble Reading main scale = 5.5 mm 2. Read thimble scale reading Thimble scale reading = 0.28 mm Reading = Main scale + Thimble scale = 5.5 + 0.28 = 5.78 mm

1.3.2 Explain Sensitivity

Sensitivity of an instruments is its ability to detect small change in the quantity to be measured.
The smaller the change which can be measured by

instrument, the more sensitive the instrument is. The smallest scale division on measuring instruments is the more sensitive the instrument is. Different measuring instruments have different levels of sensitivity.

Which one is more sensitive?

1.3.2 Explain Accuracy and Consistency

ACCURACY CONSISTENCY Is how close the value of the Ability to register the same measurement to the actual reading. value.

Accurate Inaccurate

Consistence

Inconsistence

ACCURACY CONSISTENCY How to improve How to improve accuracy: consistency: 1. Repeat the 1. Avoid parallax error. experiment and take average reading. 2. Avoid zero error. 3. Avoid parallax error. 4. Use measuring instrument with high sensitivity.

 Consistence but

Accurate

but

not accurate

inconsistence

Inaccurate

and

Accurate

and

Inconsistence

consistence

1.3.3

Explain Types of Experimental Error

RANDOM ERROR 1. Parallax error error because of the observers eyes. 2. Natural error change in temperature, humidity etc when experiment in progress 3. Wrong technique apply excessive pressure.

SYSTEMATIC ERROR 1. Zero error Incorrect position of zero point of measuring instrument. 2. Incorrect calibration Error in calibration of instrument which makes the instrument defective. - Systematic error will lead to decrease in accuracy.

- Random error will lead to decrease in consistency.

How to reduce systematic error: Correct reading = reading obtained - zero error How to reduce random error: Repeat the experiment and take average reading.

Zero error

Parallax error

How to eliminate zero error?

Micrometer Screw Gauge

Positive zero error Zero error= 0.02 mm

Negative zero error Zero error= -0.04 mm

Vernier Callipers
No zero error Positive zero error

Negative zero error

zero error = 0.04 cm

zero error = -0.02 cm