BASIC CONCEPTS OF SUBSTATION

Power System

Elements of power system

Generating stations Transmission lines Substations Distribution system

Parts of a substation

Switchyard Control Room DG sets Firefighting system Station auxiliary supply Air conditioning system

Definition of Sub Station

It is the interface between the Generators and Load. It facilitates distribution of electricity produced by the Generators to the Consumers.

Indian Electricity Scenario

At the time of Independence there was no electricity Grids. Generation capacity was about 1300 MW. contd.

Now...
1,44,564.97 MW, comprising

Thermal : 92, 216.64 MW Hydro : 36, 033.76 MW Nuclear : 4,120.00 MW Renewable: 12,194.59 MW

The Indian Electricity Grid is divided into five Regional Grids Northern Western Southern Eastern North Eastern

Except Southern other four Regional Grids are synchronously connected, operating at one frequency. Southern Region is connected with Eastern and Western Regions through HVDC line.

Target for generation capacity by 2012 is 2,00,000 MW Inter Regional transfer capacity 40,000 MW

Types of Sub Station

Step up substation Primary Grid substation/ Switching s/s Secondary substation Distribution substation Bulk supply and Industrial substation.

Divisions in a substations
The nature of works in a substation may be classified into following groups

Civil Electrical Mechanical

Civil works

Design & construction of equipment foundations Cable trench Boundary wall & s/y fencing Leveling & Surface treatment Water supply & drainage Construction of Control Room Building, Office, Residential quarters, Non residential building Roads Horticulture works

Electrical

Choice of bus bar arrangement, Single line diagram, GA etc Preparation of layout plan, sectional drawings Selection of equipments, busbars, structures, insulators etc Protection scheme Earth mat Illumination system Station auxiliary power supply Communication system

Mechanical

Drinking / fire water supply Mobile crane Oil filtration / oil handling plant Fire fighting equipment Air conditioning system Diesel generators.

Elements of substation

Busbars Transformers Reactors Circuit Breakers Isolators CT CVT LA Wave Trap C&R Panels PLCC LTAC

contd.

Battery & Battery Chargers Earth mat Diesel Generators Fire fighting system Air conditioning system PLCC & communication system

Switchyard

It houses the arrangement to carry out switching operations for transmission feeders All outdoor equipments are erected in the switchyard It is fenced with restricted entry for authorized personnel only

Control Room
It houses protection system, communication system, DC sources & distribution systems, AC distribution system.

Switchyard

Drawings General arrangement Single line diagram Electrical lay out Electrical section Earth mat drawing Erection key diagram Civil drawings for construction Equipment drawings Control & schematic drawings

DG sets & Fire Fighting System

These are housed normally in separate buildings. DG sets are required for emergency power supply in the event of AC fail. Fire fighting system is required to detect fire source & for control of fire. All heavy oil equipments are provided with automatic fire control systems.

Protection

Choice of DC control voltage Main-1 & Main-2 protection Feeder protection Transformer & Rector protection Substation protection

Fire fighting system

Smoke detector Emulsifier system Fire alarm & annunciation

Purpose of Maintenance

For trouble free service To estimate rate of degradation To achieve customer satisfaction

Thank You