Vacuum Pumps

Vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume and creates a partial vacuum. A vacuum pump converts the mechanical input energy of a rotating shaft into pneumatic energy by evacuating the air contained within a system The internal pressure level thus becomes lower than that of the outside atmosphere. A major difference between a vacuum pump and other types of pumps is that the pressure driving the air into the pump is below atmospheric and becomes vanishingly small at higher vacuum levels.

These are broadly categorized based on their techniques. Positive displacement pump Momentum Transfer pump Regenerative pump

Positive displacement pump: These pumps work on a mechanism to repeatedly expand the cavity allow the gases to flow in from the chamber seal off the cavity and exhaust it to the atmosphere. ! partial vacuum can be created by increasing the volume of the container. "nside the pump a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to reduce its pressure below that of the atmosphere .

#ecause of the pressure differential some fluid from the chamber is pushed into the pump$s small cavity. The pump$s cavity is then sealed from the chamber opened to the atmosphere and squeezed off to minute size. The manual water pump creates a partial vacuum due to which the water is drawn up from the well.

Internal gear pump a positive displacement pump. It uses two rotating gears which un!mesh at the suction side of the pump to create voids which allow atmospheric pressure to force fluid into the pump. The spaces between the gear teeth transport the fluid on either side of a crescent to the discharge side" and then the gears re!mesh to discharge the fluid. Vi#ing$s internal gear design has an outer drive gear %rotor! shown in orange& which turns the inner" driven gear %idler!shown in white&.'

They consist of only one driven metal rotor rotating within an elastomer lined %elastic& stator.' (i)uid enters the *uction Inlet under pressure or by gravity and as the R+T+R , turns within the fle-ible rubber *TAT+R . forming tightly sealed cavities / which moves the (i)uid toward the 0ischarge +utlet. Pumping action starts the instant the R+T+R turns. (i)uid acts as the lubricant between the pumping elements.

These pumps are ideal for fluids that are just too tough for other pumps to handle. e.g. 1 pastes" greases" sludge etc.

Lobe pump!a positive displacement pump (obes are driven by e-ternal timing gears as a result the lobes do not ma#e contact. (i)uid travels around the interior of the casing in the poc#ets between the lobes and the casing" meshing of the lobes forces li)uid through the outlet port under pressure. They also offer continuous and intermittent reversible flows and can operate dry for brief periods of time.

Primarily used in food applications because they handle solids without damaging them. Typical applications are in following industries food" pharmaceuticals" paper 2 pulp" beverages" chemical and biotechnology.

Rotary vane pump It consists of vanes mounted on a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. The length of the rotor can be different also and tensioned to maintain a perfect contact with the walls. It is a circular rotor rotating inside a larger pump cavity. The centres of both are offset to create eccentricity. The vanes are allowed to move in and out of the rotor to seal the wall edges" creating vane

+n the inta#e side of the pump" the volume in vane chambers is increasing. These increasing volume vane chambers are filled with fluid forced in by the inlet pressure. +n the discharge side of the pump" the vane chambers are decreasing in volume" forcing fluid out of the pump. The action of the vane drives out the same volume of fluid with each rotation. Multistage rotary vane vacuum pumps can attain pressures as low as 3., Pa.

Centrifugal pumps 'They are a sub!class of dynamic a-isymmetric wor#!absorbing turbomachinery. '4entrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational #inetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating a-is and is accelerated by the impeller" flowing radially outward into a diffuser or'volute chamber %casing&" from where it e-its.

It is used in pumping water" sewage" petroleum and petrochemical. This pump is used in cosmetics and personal care" pharmaceuticals. Also used in dairy" beverages" candy and oil industries.

%omentum Transfer "n this pump the gas molecules are accelerated from the vacuum side to the exhaust side. &ere the exhaust side is at a pressure less than the atmospheric which is maintained by positive displacement pump. These pumps can operate only below '.( Pa. These type of pumps blow out the gas molecules that diffuse into the pump by imparting momentum to the gas molecules.

This mechanism can be processed in the following ways: 0iffusion pump These blow out gas molecules using a high speed jet of vapor to direct gas'molecules in the pump throat down into the bottom of the pump and out the e-haust. Most common diffusion pumps use silicone oil or polyphenyl ethers as the wor#ing fluids.

Applications 0iffusion pumps are used in coating systems" vacuum melting and drying systems" vacuum furnaces. These are the areas where low maintenance" low cost high vacuum is re)uired.''

Turbomolecular pump These pumps work on the principle that gas molecules can be given momentum in a desired direction by repeated collisions with a moving surface. "n T%P a rapidly spinning turbine rotor hits gas molecules from the inlet of the pump towards the exhaust in order to create and maintain vacuum. !s the gas molecules enter through the inlet the rotor having a number of angled blades hits the molecules.

*o the mechanical energy of the blades is transferred to the gas molecules. 5ith this momentum" the gas molecules enter into the gas transfer holes in the stator. This leads them to the ne-t stage where they again collide with the rotor surface" and this process is continued"

revolutions per minute which is very high and so the heat produced is a limitation to its design. Magnetic bearings can be used to reduce friction and oil contamination. The compression factor varies e-ponentially with the s)uare root of the molecular weight of the gas. Thus" heavier molecules are pumped much more effectively. 7sed for applications li#e analytical instrumentation" thin film deposition" space simulation" fusion technology" and particle accelerators and synchrotrons.

Regenerative pump Regenerative pumps utili8e vorte- behavior of the fluid %air&. 7sually it consists of several sets of perpendicular teeth on the rotor circulating air molecules inside stationary hollow grooves. They can reach to , mPa and directly e-haust to atmospheric pressure. .

The impeller has short vanes at the periphery and these vanes pass through an annular channel. The fluid enters between two impeller vanes and is set into a circular motion" this adds energy to the fluid particles which travel in a spiral li#e path from the inlet to the outlet. 9ach set of vanes continuously adds energy

This type of pump suffers from high power consumption %:,'#5& compare to turbomolecular pump %;,335& at low pressure since most power is consumed to bac# atmospheric pressure. This can be reduced by nearly ,3 times by bac#ing with small diaphragm pump

Applications This pump is commonly used for clean fluids of low viscosity because of the close tolerances needed between the blades of the turbine and the casing" and especially the stripper" which separates the inta#e area from the outlet port.

9ntrapment pump Ion pump A vacuum pump that removes gas by ioni8ing the atoms or molecules and adsorbing them on a metal surface. An'ion pump" also called sputter pump" is'capable of reaching pressures as low as ,3<6 Pa under ideal conditions.' An ion pump'ioni8es'gas within the vessel it is attached to and employs a strong electrical potential" generally /#V to =#V" which allows the ions to accelerate into and be captured by solid electrode and residue.

Applications > 9lectron Microscopes > Accelerators > Microwave Tubes > ?!ray Tubes > Medical 9)uipment > 4oating 9)uipment > Materials

4ryopump A'4ryopump'or a @cryogenic pump@ is a'vacuum pump'that traps'gases and vapors by condensing them on a cold surface. They are only effective on some gases" depending on the free8ing and boiling points of the gas relative to the cryopump$s temperature. 4ryopumps are commonly cooled by compressed helium and dry ice" li)uid nitrogen are also used. The surface area available for adsorption after some time gets saturated and the pumping speed decreases to 8ero. *aturation happens in very low vacuum and so

Applications These are used in cooling of super conductors and cryopanels. Also used in cleaning of glasses" calibration of sensors" optical and infrared spectroscopy.

*orption pump A sorption pump is a vacuum pump that creates vacuum by adsorbing molecules on a porous material li#e molecular sieve created by a cryogen li#e li)uid nitrogen. The lowest pressure that can be achieved is , Pa. A sorption pump is usually constructed in stainless steel" aluminum and borosilicate. It can be a simple flas# filled with molecular sieve or an elaborate metal construction consisting of a metal flas# containing perforated tubing and heat! conducting fins. A'pressure relief valve'can be installed. The design only influences the pumping speed and not the ultimate pressure that can be reached.

Its main advantage is the absence of oil or other contaminants" low cost and vibration free operation due to absence of moving parts. Its main disadvantage is that it cannot operate continuously and cannot effectively pump hydrogen" helium and all gases with lower condensation temperatures than nitrogen.

References
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