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Classification of reactions
Homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction Rate law/rate of equation Elementary and non-elementary reaction Irreversible and reversible reaction
2HCl + 2Mg 2MgCl + H2 2HCl + 2Na 2NaCl +H2 Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
Raw material
Chemical reaction
Product
Sometimes involve changes in physical effect i.e. emission of heat, formation of precipitation, colour change, etc.
Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, fragment Benzene and propylene formed from cumene
Isomerization
Combination
Molecule/atom to combine with other molecule/atom Benzene react with propylene to form cumene
In industrial chemical process, the typical situation of chemical process is shown below:
Classification of Reactions
Generally, chemical reactions can be classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Homogeneous reaction is a reaction that take place in one phase alone. i.e. reaction between 2 gases, 2 liquids, 2 solids Heterogeneous reaction is a reaction that that requires the presence of at least 2 phases (or more) to proceed at certain reaction rate. i.e. reaction between gas and liquid, gas and solid, liquid and solid
homogeneous systems the temperature, pressure, and composition are obvious variables. In heterogeneous, the problem becomes more complex. Material may have to move from phase to phase during reaction; hence, the rate of mass transfer can become important.
Rate of Equation
The rate of equation/ the rate law is an algebraic equation that depends on reacting materials and reaction conditions. It is independent of the type of reactor (batch or continuous).
Elementary reaction
Elementary reactions: the rate of equation corresponds to a stoichiometric equations H2+I22HI -rH2=k[H2][I2]
Non-elementary reaction
Non-elementary reactions: no direct correspondence between stoichiometry and rate When there is no direct correspondence between stoichiometry and rate, then we have non-elementary reactions. The classical example of a non-elementary reaction is that between hydrogen and bromine, which has a rate expression
Elementary reactions are often represented by an equation showing both the molecularity and the rate constant. For example
Rate of equation that refers to B Rate of equation that refers to D Rate of equation that refers to T
Hence,
A non-elementary reaction is one whose stoichiometry does not match its kinetics. For example,
Non-elementary reaction always involve intermediate and multiple reactions However, it is difficult to quantify the concentration of intermediate since it exists only for few minutes.
Types of intermediate can be grouped into free radicals, ions and polar substances, molecules, transition complexes, non-chain reactions and chain reactions