Growth & Development ( Theories of Development)

Taif University Department of Nursing

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Infancy : from birth to 1 year.

Trust \ Mistrust .

When the infants needs are met when

they arise, children come to view the world as safe place and people as helpful & dependable. When the infants needs are not met, or care is inadequate, children become fearful and suspicious

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Toddler : 1 to 3 years. Autonomy / Shame. By letting the child do things

independently, so he will feel autonomous and their self-confidence will increase . When caregiver do every thing to the child, he will doubt in his abilities in performing things, so they will lack of confidence in their abilities to achieve

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Preschool : 3 -6 years old.

Initiative \ Guilt.
By encouraging the child when he initiate

motor, fantasy or language activities, the child becomes more initiative. Guilt occur when the caregiver do not reinforce their children when they initiate motor, fantasy or language activities. They will build a sense of guilt of what they do. And will have limited problem solving skills

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

School age: from 6 to 12 .
Industry \ inferiority. By appreciating their quality of act they

perform, so their sense of industry grows. When childrens caregiver do not appreciate their work, it will develop a sense of inferiority rather than industry.

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Adolescence : from 12 to 20.
Identity \ role diffusion. Identity by integrating all images he

have to one whole image of himself. Role diffusion by failing in integrating these images, which would lead him to have a negative image of himself

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Young adult : from 20 to 40.

Intimacy \ Isolation.
When the person have identity, he will

have self-confidence, thus he will initiate long-term and intimacy relationships. When the person have no identity, he will have lack of his self-confidence, thus he will fear from initiating initiate longterm and intimacy relationships

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Middle adult: from 40 to 65 years.

Generativity \ stagnation.
Generativity developed as people wilt

high self-confidence are able to judge better and they extend their concern to their families, community and the world. People without this sense of confidence, they become stagnated or selfabsorbed.

Theories of Development (Eriksons theory)

Old adult : over 65 years old.
Integrity \ despair. People with sense of integrity, feels

good about their life choices they made. People without this feeling, wishes life would begin over again so that things could turn out differently

Theories of Development (Frueds theory)

Oral Phase ( Infant).
Anal Phase ( Toddler).

Phallic Phase (Preschool age).

Latent Phase ( School age). Genital Phase ( Adolescent).

Theories of Development (Frueds theory Oral stage)

Understanding the world by exploration

with the mouth. The mouth is considered the specific part in this phase. In which all functions that mouth do is important to the infant in his first year. According to this theory, infant sucks for enjoyment or relief tension as well as nourishment.

Theories of Development (Frueds theory - Anal stage)

The anus is considered the specific part in this

phase; in which child begin toilet training.

According to this theory, infant shift his interest

from the mouth to the anus region.

(Frueds theory Phaliac stage)

In this phase, the child becomes aware of self

as sexual being. The genital area is considered the specific part in this phase . child starts to develop a strong desire to know his own sex identity as well as the other sex identity. the development proceeds and child starts to love his opposite sex and hate his own sex. For example: male child love his own mother and hate his own father (Odeeb). as well as

(Frueds theory Latency stage)

Focusing on peer relations, learning to

live in groups.
They distracted in playing, school work

and in promoting their skills.

(Frueds theory Genitality stage)

The longest period (from adolescent

to adulthood).
The suppression in the latent phase

is relieved in this phase due to the sexual maturity resulted from the secretions of the sex hormones.

Theories of Development (Kohlberg theory)

Theories of Development (Kohlberg theory)

Theories of Development (Kohlberg theory)

Theories of Development (Kohlberg theory)

Theories of Development (Kohlberg theory