DRUG

an agent intended

for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in humans, or in animals.

 One of the most astounding qualities

of drugs is the diversity of their actions and effects on the body.

This quality enables their selective use in the treatment of a range of

common and rare conditions involving virtually every body organ, tissue, and cell.

The following is the classification of pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the method of administration:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Oral dosage forms Parenteral dosage forms Rectal dosage forms Dosage forms for inhalation Dosage forms for topical application

Oral dosage forms

preparations intended to be taken by

mouth.

Parenteral dosage forms

preparations introduced into the

body by injection through the skin, the mucous, or the serous membranes.

Rectal dosage forms

are preparations employed for

systemic effect or for a local action through the rectum.

Dosage forms for inhalation

are preparations intended to be finally dispensed or vaporized to the mucous membranes of the lower part of the respiratory tract.

Dosage forms for topical application

are preparations intended to be

applied on the skin or instilled into the eyes, nose, or ears.

Classification of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms according to Physical Nature

I. Liquids
A. Solution
B. Emulsions

C. Suspensions

A. Solution
liquid

preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible

A. Solution
1.
2. 3.

Aqueous solutions Sweet or other viscid aqueous solution Non aqueous solutions

A.1 Aqueous solutions

Water is used as the solvent.
1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

6.

Aromatic water Aqueous acids Diluted acids Douches Enemas Gargles

Aqueous solutions
7. Mouthwashes
8. Juices 9. Nasal solutions 10. Otic solutions 11. Irrigation solutions

1. Aromatic water
are clear, aqueous

solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances. Also called as medicated

2. Aqueous acids
inorganic acids and certain organic acids,

although of minor significance as therapeutic agents, are of great importance in pharmaceutical manufacturing and analysis.

3. Diluted acids
aqueous solutions prepared by

diluting corresponding concentrated acids with purified water. Diluted acids are generally expressed in 10% concentration. Except for diluted acetic acid which has 6% concentration.

4. Douches
an aqueous solution directed against a part or into a cavity in

the body.

5. Enemas
rectal injections

employed to evacuate the bowel, influence the general system by absorption, or to affect a local disease.

6. Gargles
aqueous solutions frequently containing antiseptics,

antibiotics and/or anesthetics used for treating the pharynx and the nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle that is held in the throat; subsequently, the gargle is expectorated.

7. Mouthwashes
aqueous solutions,

which are most often used for their deodorant, refreshing, or antiseptic effect. They are used by swishing the liquid in the oral cavity

8. Juices
is prepared from

fresh ripe fruits, aqueous character, and is used in making syrups that are employed as vehicles.

9. Nasal solutions
are usually

aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays.

10. Otic solutions

referred to as ear or aural preparations.

11. Irrigation solutions

sterile, non-

pyrogenic solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues.

A.2 Sweet or other viscid aqueous solution 1. Syrups 2. Honey 3. Mucilages 4. Jellies

1. Syrups
concentrated,

viscous aqueous solutions of sugar or a sugar substitute with or without flavors and medicinal substances.

2. Honey
thick liquid

preparations somewhat allied to the syrups, differing in that honey, instead of syrup is used as a base.

3. Mucilages
thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, produced by dispersing gum in

water, or by extracting the mucilaginous principles from vegetable substances with water.

4. Jellies
are a class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix

contains a high portion of liquid, usually water.

A.3 Non aqueous solutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Collodion Elixirs Glycerin or glycerites Inhalations and inhalants Liniments Oleovitamins Spirits Toothache drops

1. Collodion
liquid preparations containing pyroxilin, a partially nitrated

cellulose, in a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.

2. Elixirs
clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids

intended for oral use.

3. Glycerin or glycerites
solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less

than 50% by weight of glycerin.

4. Inhalations and inhalants

Inhalations are

drugs or solutions of drugs administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effect.

5. Liniments
alcoholic or oil-based solutions or emulsions containing therapeutic

agents intended for external application.

6. Oleovitamins
fish liver oils diluted with edible

vegetable oil or solutions of volatile substances of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually Vit. A & D) in fish liver oil.

7. Spirits
sometimes known as essences, are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic

solutions of volatile substances.

8. Toothache drops
preparations used for temporary relief of toothache by application

of cotton saturated with the product into the tooth cavity.

B. Emulsions
a two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids,

in which small globules of one liquid are dispersed uniformly throughout the other liquid.

C. Suspensions
two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible

materials dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).

C. Suspensions
1. Gels
2. Lotions

3. Magmas and milk

4. Mixtures

C.1 Gels
semi-solid systems of either suspension made up of small

inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated by a liquid.

C.2 Lotions
liquid or semi-liquid preparations that contain one or more active

ingredients in an appropriate vehicle.

C.3 Magmas and milk

aqueous suspensions of insoluble inorganic drugs and differ from gels

mainly in that the suspended particles are layers.

C.4 Mixtures
aqueous liquid preparation which contain suspended insoluble, solid

substances intended for internal use.

II. Extracts
These are solutions of the active constituents of a

crude drug obtained by maceration or percolation ready for use as a medicinal agent or may be further processed to produce solid or semisolid extracts.

II. Extracts
A. Tinctures
B. Fluidextracts

C. Extracts

Tinctures
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable

materials or chemical substances

Fluidextracts
liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a

solvent or as a preservative or both, so made that each mL contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard drug that it represents.

Extracts
concentrated preparations of vegetable

or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstrual, evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and adjustment of the residual masses or powders to the prescribed standard.

III. Parenteral Preparations

III. Parenteral Preparations

sterile liquid preparations intended to be administered by injection

under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membranes. They are usually packed in ampules or vials.

III. Parenteral Preparations

Solutions ready for injection Dry, soluble products ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to the use Suspensions ready for injection Dry, insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use Emulsions

IV. Intravenous admixture

mixture of intravenous fluids and drugs

to be administered by injection.

IV. Intravenous admixture

A. Intravenous fluids
B. Intravenous admixture C. Total parenteral nutrition

A. Intravenous fluids
sterile, large volume

solutions intended to be administered by intravenous infusions and contains sugar, amino acids,, or electrolytes.

B.a Intravenous admixture combination of one or

more sterile products added to an IV fluid for administration. They are mixed in a suitable environment using aseptic technique. .

C. Total parenteral nutrition

preparation containing

calories, nitrogens, and other nutrients in sufficient quantities to achieve tissue synthesis and anabolism given by intravenous administration. The preferred source of calories is dextrose, protein hydrolysate for nitrogen, and electrolyte and vitamins for the nutrients.

V. Ophthalmic Preparations
sterile preparation to be used on the eyes.

V. Ophthalmic Preparations
A. Solutions
B. Suspensions C. Ointments D. Lens care products

A. Solutions
intended for the eye ; clear, sterile

solution to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a dropper.

B. Suspensions
dispersion of finally divided relatively insoluble drug substances

in an aqueous vehicle containing suitable suspending and dispersing agent.

C. Ointments

intended for the eyes; contain medicinal agents added to the ointment base of white petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution or as a micronized powder. They are limited to bedtime installations.

D. Lens care products

sterile preparations intended to protect the lens.

D. Lens care products

D.1 Wetting solutions
D.2 Cleaning solutions D.3 Disinfection solutions D.4 Soaking solutions D.5 Artificial tears

D.1 Wetting solutions

preparations designed to furnish

hydrophilic coating over the characteristically hydrophilic surface of hard contact lens surfaces.

D.2 Cleaning solutions

used to remove surface contaminants, lipids, protein, and

the like

D.3 Disinfection solutions

isotonic; in an acceptable pH range nonreactive with lens material and

sterile solution which exhibits disinfecting activity.

D.4 Soaking solutions

used to store and hydrate hard lenses and to disinfect such

lenses.

D.5 Artificial tears

solution intended to rewet hard lenses referred to as rewetting

solutions or artificial tears.

VI. Medicated applications

applied to the skin or inserted into body orifices in liquid, semi-solid,

or solid forms.

VI. Medicated applications

A. Ointments B. Cataplasma (poultice) C. Pastes D. Powders E. Dressings F. Creams G. Plasters H. Suppositories

A. Ointments
semi solid preparations intended for external applications to the skin

or mucous membranes; usually, but not always, contain medicinal substances.

B. Cataplasma (poultice)
a soft moist mass of meals, herb, seed etc. usually applied hot in

clothes. They are intended to localize infectious materials in the body or to act as counter irritants.

C. Pastes
concentrates of absorptive powders dispersed in petrolatum or

hydrophilic petrolatum. They are stiff to the point of dryness and are often used in the treatment of oozing lesions where they act to absorb serous secretions.

D. Powders for external use are usually described as dusting powders. They usually contain starch, talc, and zinc stearate.

E. Dressings
external applications resembling ointment usually used as a covering

or protection.

F. Creams
viscous liquid or semi-solid

emulsions of either the oil or water or water in oil type. Cream of the oil in water type includes shaving creams, hand creams, foundation creams, etc. Water in oil creams include cold creams and emollient creams.

G. Plasters
substances intended for external

application, made of such materials and of such consistency as to adhere to the skin and attach to a dressing. They are intended to afford protection and support to furnish an occlusive and macerating action and to bring medication into close contact with the

H. Suppositories
solid dosage forms of various weights and shapes usually

medicated for insertion into the rectum, vagina, or the urethra.

VII. Powders
A. Oral powders
B. Dentrifices

C. Douche powders
D. Dusting powders

E. Insufflations
F. Triturations

A. Oral powders

generally supplied as finely divided powder or as effervescent granules. The finely divided powders are intended to be suspended or dissolved in water or mixed with soft food prior to administration. Effervescent powder in solution in water releases carbon dioxide which makes for the taste of salty or bitter medication.

B. Dentifrices
may be prepared in the form of a bulk powder generally containing

soap or detergent mild abrasive and an anticarcinogenic agent.

C. Douche powders
soluble powders intended to be

dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleaning agents for a body cavity. They are most commonly intended for vaginal use although they may be formulated for nasal, otic or ophthalmic use.

D. Dusting powders

locally applied non-toxic preparations that are intended to have no systemic action. They are applied to various parts of the body as lubricants, protectives, absorbents, antiseptics, antipruritics, astringents, and antiperspirant.

E. Insufflations
finely divided powders introduced cavities such as the ears, nose,

throat, tooth sockets, and vagina with the use of an insufflator (powder blower)

F. Triturations
dilutions of potent powdered drugs prepared by intimately mixing

them with a suitable diluent in 1:10 dilutions.

VIII. Oral Solid Dosage Forms

A. Tablets
B. Capsules

C. Pills
D. Troches

E. Cachets
F. Pellets

A. Tablets
solid dosage form containing drug substances with or without

suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods.

A. Tablets
1. Compressed Tablets
2. Molded tablets or tablet

triturates (TL)

1. Compressed Tablets
sugar coated tablet (SCT)
film coated tablet (FCT) enteric coated tablet (ECT)

multiple compressed tablet (MCT)

controlled release tablet (CRT) effervescent tablet compressed suppositories or inserts buccal and sublingual tablets

2. Molded tablets or tablet triturates (TL)

dispensing tablets (DT)

hypodermic tablets (HT)

B. Capsules
solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in

either a hard or soft soluble container or of a suitable form of gelatin.

C. Pills
small, round, solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents and

intended for oral administration.

D. Troches
also known as lozenges or pastilles; discoid shaped solid

containing the medicinal agent in a suitably flavored base. They are placed in the mouth where they slowly dissolve, liberating the active ingredient.

E. Cachets
related to capsules inasmuch as they provide an edible container for

the oral administration of solid drugs. They vary in size from 3/4 to 1/8 inches in diameter and consist of 2 concave pieces of wafer made of flour and water.

F. Pellets
small, sterile cylinders about 3.2 mm in diameter by 8 mm in

length, formed by compression from medicated masses.

IX. Aerosols
used both orally and topically, contain therapeutically

active ingredients dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in a propellant or a mixture of solvent and propellant.

IX. Aerosols
Oral aerosols have been used for the symptomatic treatment of

asthma, as well as the treatment of migraine, headache, while topical aerosols have been used to treat a multitude of dermatological manifestations.

X. Radiopharmaceuticals
radioisotopes used in medicine

for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

XI. Biological Products

A. Biologics for active immunity
B. Biologics for passive

immunity

A. Biologics for active immunity

Vaccine a suspension of attenuated (live) or inactivated (killed) microorganisms or fraction thereof administered to induce immunity and thus prevent infectious disease. Toxoid a modified / antigen from an infectious organism used as a vaccine.

B. Biologics for passive immunity

1. Human immune sera 2. Animal immune serum

1. Human immune sera

Immune globulin a solution containing antibodies from the pooled plasmas of not less than 1,000 normal individuals.

1. Human immune sera

Hyperimmune serum a special

preparation obtained from human donor pools selected for high antibody titer against a specific disease.

2. Animal immune serum

2.1 Antitoxin a solution of antibodies derived from

the serum of animals immunized with specific toxins (toxoids) used to achieve passive immunity or to effect a treatment.

2. Animal immune serum

2.2 Antiviral serum a solution of antibodies derived

from the serum of animals immunized with specific viral vaccines.

2. Animal immune serum

2.3 Antivenin a preparation of antibodies derived

from the serum of animals immunized with specific venom used to neutralize the venom produced by the specific organisms.

THANK YOU!

as defined in USP and NF, is an article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention, or treatment of disease in man or other animals.

Drug

If the drug or medication is misused through personal ignorance or inadequate information, it could cause harm to the patient or ineffective treatment.

Drug

Drugs may be classified as follows:

Over-the-counter drug Prescription drug Dangerous drug

regulated drug prohibited drug

Exempt drug preparations

PHARMACOLOGIC/THERAPEUTIC CATEGORIES OF THE DRUG

DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS ACTING ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ANTI-INFECTIVES IMMUNOLOGICALS CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS DIURETIC

I. DRUGS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Analgesic

Local anesthetic
Anticonvulsant Anti-gout

Anti-migraine
Anti- parkinsonism Antipyretic

 Hypnotic

Anxiolytic
Antidepressant Anti-psychotic

Antiemetic
Antivertigo Anti- motion sickness

Analgesic a drug that suppresses pain perception without

inducing loss of consciousness. Example:
Paracetamol; Ibuprofen; Tramadol HCl

Local anesthetic a drug that eliminates pain perception in a

limited body area by local action on sensory nerves. Example:
Proparacaine HCl; Lidocaine HCl; Bupivacaine

HCl

Anticonvulsant drug that arrests convulsion by inducing general

CNS depression. Example:
Valproic acid; Carbamazepine; Phenobarbital

Anti -gout a drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid in

general gout or suppress the intense inflammatory reaction of acute gout. Example:
Allopurinol; Colchicine; Probenecid

Anti migraine a drug that reduces incidence or severity of

migraine vascular headache. Example:
Ergotamine tartrate; Divalproex Na; Flunarizine

HCl

Anti parkinsonism a drug that suppresses the neurologic

disturbances and symptoms of parkinsonism. Example:
Biperiden; Amantadine sulfate; Carbidopa and

Levodopa

Antipyretic a drug that restores normal body temperature in

the presence of fever. Example:
Paracetamol; Ibuprofen

Hypnotic a central nervous system depressant used to

induce sleep. Example:
Midazolam; Zolpidem; Nitrazepam

Anxiolytic a drug that suppresses symptoms of anxiety.

Example: Diazepam; Alprazolam; Clorazepate dipotassium

Antidepressant a centrally acting drug that induces mood

elevation, useful in treating mental depression. Example:
Fluoxetine HCl; Clomipramine HCl; Imipramine

HCl

Anti psychotic a drug that suppresses symptoms of psychoses of

various diagnostic types. Example:
Haloperidol; Chlorpromazine HCl; Thioridazine

HCl

Antiemetic a drug that suppresses nausea and vomiting.

Example: Meclizine HCl; Metoclopramide; Domperidone

Antivertigo a drug that suppresses dizziness.

Example: Metoclopramide HCl; Meclizine HCl

Anti motion sickness a drug that suppresses motion-induced nausea,

vomiting, and vertigo. Example:
Meclizine HCl; Metoclopramide HCl;

Dimenhydrinate

II. DRUGS ACTING ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

Muscle relaxant
Antirheumatic Neuromuscular blocker

Non-steroidal antiinflammatory an analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug that

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. Example:
Mefenamic acid; Naproxen, Meloxicam

Muscle relaxant a drug that inhibits contraction of voluntary

muscles. Example:
Vecuronium Br; Baclofen; Tizanidine HCl

Antirheumatic an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat arthritis

and rheumatoid disorder. Example:
Celocoxib; Piroxicam; Methotrexate

Neuromuscular blocker a drug that paralyzes skeletal muscles by

preventing transmission of neural impulses to them. Example:
Pancuronium; Atracurium besylate; Vecuronium

Br

III. ANTI-INFECTIVES Antiamebic Antibacterial Antifilarial Antifungal Antihelmintic Anti-malarials Antiprotozoal Anti- shistosoma Antiviral

Antiamebic a drug that kills or inhibits protozoan parasites

such as Entamoeba histolytics causature organism of amebaisis. Example:
Metronidazole; Etofamide; Secnnidazole

Antibacterial a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic bacteria.

Example: Penicillin; Amoxicillin; Cefalexin

Antifilarial a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic filarial

worms. Example:
Diethylcarbamazine

Antifungal a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic fungi.

Example: Ketoconazole; Fluconazole; Terbinafine HCl

Antihelmintic a drug that kills or inhibits helminth.

Example: Mebendazole; Pyrantel pamoate; Albendazole

Anti-malarials a drug that kills or inhibits mycobacterium

leprae, causative agent of leprosy. Example:
Chloroquine phosphate; Mefloquine HCl;

Quinine sulfate

Antiprotozoal a drug that kills or inhibits protozoa.

Example: Diloxanidine, Metronidazole

Antishistosoma a drug that kills or inhibits pathogenic flukes of

genus schistosoma. Example:
Praziquantel

Antiviral a drug that kills or inhibits viral infections.

Example: Aciclovir, Zidovudine, Indinavir sulfate

 Vaccine

IV. IMMUNOLOGICALS

Immune sera

Vaccine an antigen containing drug used to induce active

immunity against an infectious disease. Example:
BCG Vaccine, Hepatitis B Vaccine, Rabies Vaccine

Immune sera serum of an animal or human containing

antibodies against a specific disease, used to confer passive immunity to that disease. Example:
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin; Tetanus

Immunoglobulin; Immunoglobulin Normal, Human

 Adrenergic agent

V. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS

Inotropic agent
Anti-angina Anti- arrhythmic

Anti-lipidemic
Cholinergic agent

Adrenergic agent a drug that activates organs innervated by the

sympathetic nervous system; a sympathomeiometic agent. Example:
Dobutamine; Dopamine; Epinephrine

Inotropic agent

an agent that increases the contractile

strength of heart muscle; a cardiotonic. Example:

Digoxin, Epinephrine, Dopamine

Anti-angina

a coronary vasodilator useful in

preventing or treating attacks of angina pectoris. Example:

Isosorbide diNitrate; Diltiazem;

Metoprolol

Anti- arrhythmic

a cardiac depressant useful in

suppressing rhythm irregularities of the heart. Example:

Lidocaine, Amiodarone, Atenolol

Anti-lipidemic
blood. Example:

a drug that lowers the lipid in the

Pravastatin; Simvastatin

Cholinergic agent

a drug that activates organ

innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system; a parasympathetic drug. Example:

Acetylcholine; Carbachol,

Pilocarpine

 a drug that promotes renal excretion of

VI. DIURETIC

electrolytes and water useful in treating generalized. Example

Furosemide

VII. RESPIRATORY DRUG

Anti-asthmatic
Antitussive Mucolytic

Nasal decongestant
Repiratory stimulant

ANTI-ASTHMATIC
A drug that relieves

asthma symptoms. Example:

Salbutamol;

Terbutaline; Hydrocortisone

ANTITUSSIVE
coughing Example:

A drug that suppress

Dextromethorphan;

Butamirate

MUCOLYTIC
A drug that

hydrolyzes mucoprotein, useful in reducing the viscosity of pulmonary mucos. Example:

Bromhexine

NASAL DECONGESTANT
An adrenergic drug

used orally or topically to induce vasoconstriction in nasal passages. Example

Phenylpropanolami

ne

RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
A drug that selectively stimulates

respiration. Example:
Doxapram HCl