5.

2 MEIOSIS

THE NECESSITY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HAPLOID GAMETES

Meiosis process of nuclear division that REDUCES

the number of chromosomes in daughter cells to HALF of the parent cell It produces HAPLOID gametes Gametes haploid cell (n) contain half genetic material In humans, gametes contain 23 chromosomes @ haploid number of chromosomes (n) Fertilisation fusion of 2 gametes (sperm & ovum) restores the complete number of chromosomes and genetic material diploid zygote (46 chromosomes)

THE STAGES OF MEIOSIS

Interphase Meiosis I Meiosis II

Interphase
The cell replicates its DNA and duplicates its

chromosomes Chromosomes are not condensed not visible under microscope

MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Metaphase I

Anaphase I
Telophase I

Prophase I
Chromosomes begin to condense shorter, visible,

thicker Homologous chromosomes come together to form a pair of bivalents SYNAPSIS ( 1 paternal, 1 maternal) Non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA CROSSING OVER ( occur at any & several locations Results new combinations of genes on a chromosome The points at which segments of chromatids cross over - CHIASMA At the end of prophase I, nucleolus and nuclear

Metaphase I
The spindle fibres pull the tetrads to the MIDDLE of

the cell Pairs of homologous chromosomes align themselves at the metaphase plate (equator) of the cell The homologous chromosomes are lined up side by side as tetrads

Anaphase I
The spindle fibre pulls the homologous

chromosomes apart from one another and move them to the opposite poles of the cell Each chromosome 2 sister chromatids ( a single unit ) At the end of anaphase I, each pole has only 2 chromosomes ( each with 2 sister chromatids )

Telophase I
The chromosomes arrive at the poles

Each pole has a HAPLOID DAUGHTER NUCLEUS

( 1 set of chromosomes ) The spindle fibres disappear Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear

MEIOSIS II
Cytokinesis occurs simultaneously with telophase

I, resulting 2 haploid daughter cells The events which take place during meiosis II are IDENTICAL to those of MITOSIS
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telopase II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II
Cytokinesis follows and FOUR HAPLOID

DAUGHTER CELLS are formed Each haploid cell contains HALF the number of chromosomes and is GENETICALLY DIFFERENT from the diploid cell These HAPLOID CELLS become GAMETES

The differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Meiosis I Meiosis II

During prophase I, _________________

During metaphase I, _________________ During anaphase I, _________________ At the end of telophase I, _________________

During Prophase II, __________________

During metaphase II, __________________ During anaphase II, __________________ At the end of telophase II, __________________

Comparison between mitosis and meiosis

Similarity DNA replicates only once Differences
Mitosis Aspects/ events Type of cell Role Synapsis Meiosis

Crossing over
Number of cell division Number of daughter cells produced Chromosomal number of daughter cells Genetic content Genetic variation

5.3 Appreciating The Movement Of Chromosomes During Mitosis & Meiosis