Gas Management Systems

Medical gases
O2
N2O
(Nitrous oxide )

Compressed air (5 bar)

Vacuum

AGSS

Compressed air (8 bar) or Nitrogen

CO2

1. 2. 3.

4.
5.

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O2, and medical compressed air (5 bar) used for life support and respiratory therapy. N2O is an analgesic gas used in anesthesia machine. Vacuum (technically not gas), negative pressure to take out the expired air. AGSS (Anesthesia Gas Scavenging System), to take out N2O and filter it before being outdoors. Compressed air (8 bar) or Nitrogen, to operate pneumatic surgical tools. CO2 used for insufflations.

Medical Gas pipeline system

A pipeline system is a system that includes:
The pipeline network, The control unit and The terminal units where the medical gases or anesthetic gas scavenging disposal systems may be required.

Medical gas pipeline components

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Air compressor Vacuum systems Medical gas outlets Alarms Manifolds Zone valves & Zone valves boxes Wall and floor mounting systems Rails for flexible equipment movement and utilize floor space

Medical gas pipeline diagram

Oxygen Supplying System

Oxygen may be supplied as follows:
1. Gas in cylinders 2. Cryogenic liquid in mobile vessels or stationary vessels

1. Gas in Cylinders
A cylinder manifold system shall have two banks (groups) of cylinders or cylinder bundles The banks alternately supply the pipeline, Each bank having its cylinders connected to a common header with a separate manifold pressure regulator. The secondary bank comes into operation automatically when content of the primary bank becomes exhausted.

2. Cryogenic liquid Systems

Cryogenic tanks systems hold liquefied cryogenic gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen or helium) and dispense these gases in the form of a liquid or gas as required by the customer. Cryogenic tanks pressure vessels manufactured with an inner and outer vessel to hold cryogenic liquefied gases that have condensation points less than -150 C.
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Cryogenic Tank

Cryogenic design
Designed to minimize or eliminate loss by:
Heat conduction: tanks are supported only on the top and bottom (to limit amount of contact between the inner and outer vessels) Heat convection through fluids: use of vacuum between the inner and outer vessel of the cryogenic tank. (No fluid). Heat radiation from heated source to other surfaces: use alternate wraps of foil and fiberglass or pearlite to prevent heat travel by radiation.
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Oxygen system components

1. Pressure regulators 2. Pressure relief valve

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1. Pressure Regulators

There are two types of regulators

Operating pressure regulator: there are two operating regulators; one on every bank manifold Line pressure regulator
There are one or two line regulators on every manifold. Function: to maintain a constant pressure at maximum flow rate of the system.

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2. Pressure Relief Valve

Pressure relief valves are installed downstream of all pressure regulators Valves set at no more than 50% above the pressure regulator setting. Function: Fully relieving the pressure at the set point in case failure of regulator. All pressure relief valves have piping connections to allow release of to outside facility.
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Medical Compressed Air

The supply system may be:
1. An air compressor system, 2. A proportioning system, and 3. A cylinder supply system.

The following diagram describes the system in details.

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Medical Compressed Air

1 Air compressor (reciprocating or screw type) 2 Automatic drain 3 Safety relief valve 4 Pressure gauge 24 5 Compressed air tank (receiver)

6 Pre-filter 7 Oil filter 8 Air dryer 9 Dust filter 10 Activated carbon

11 CO catalyst 12 Sterile filter 13 Dew point analyzer 14 Automatic drain

1. Compressors
Compressed air is provided by 2 air compressors in 1+1 backup system. Either reciprocating or screw type air compressors are used Compressor has to be oil free.

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Compressor operation principle

Piston compressor sucks air via an inlet valve, then, delivers to air receiver via outlet valve. When air reaches a pre-determined limit in the receiver (#5) compressor motor is switched off. If the pressure switch becomes defective a top safety valve (#3) operates and relieves any excess pressure. The air is usually compressed up to a limit of about 7 bar (700 kPa or 105psi), then, adjusted to required line pressure by a main regulator (since some hand tools require differing pressures).
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5. Air Receivers
Found in a horizontal or vertical installations. Their size may vary from 100 to 104 liters. On horizontal receivers, compressor and motor can be mounted to save the space. All receivers are made from carbon steel. The working pressures may vary from 500 kPa (75 psig) to 5000 kPa (750 psig). Each vessel is fitted with a pressure relief valve (3), a pressure gauge (4), a drain valve (14), air inlet and air outlet connections. each vessel is hydrostatically tested.
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8. Air Dryer
After receiver, air is filtered by pre- and oil filter (6,7), then, enters the distribution valve. Distribution valve is an electrically operated valve with built-in passages directs the air to an air dryer to come out in a dry condition. The air dryer system consists of twin towers filled with chemical fragments desiccant. The air, then, passes through a dust filter. A by-pass arrangement allows a fraction of dry compressed air to expand and pass through the other tower, here by regenerating it and making it ready for adsorption cycle.
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After Cooler
Ideally, the cooler is located between the compressor and the receiver. However, the cooler may sometimes be connected at the outlet of the receiver. The unit is a shell and tube heat exchanger. In case of horizontal after cooler, the water passes through shell over the tubes carrying hot compressed air. There is a moisture separator provided at the outlet of the cooler which removes the oil and water droplets formed due to cooling.

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After Cooler operation

Hot air from the compressor passes through the cooler where it gets cooled to ambient condition by the cooling water in the tubes. The condensed water and oil vapor are simply and efficiently separated in the moisture separator. condensed water and oil vapor should be drained regularly to avoid carry over.
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9-10. Duplex Filters

Some of the impurities in compressed air at the outlet of the receiver are removed by pre- and oil filter (6,7). The duplex filters take care of some other impurities. Duplex filter is combination of micro (dust) (9) and carbon filters (10).
Micro filter has micro porous polyethylene/ceramic elements that removes dust (solids) and liquid particles up to 5-10 microns. The micro filter has a filtration efficiency of 99%. Carbon filter consists of an activated carbon bed capable of removing oil vapors by absorption.
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Duplex filter (special Considerations)

Air intakes should be located high enough in receiver to eliminate intake of particles of dust, smoke, dirt, and water. A double filtering line consisting, each, of air line ultra high efficiency filter and activated carbon filter normally used to remove particles as small as 0.01 micron with efficiency of 99.999%. The pressure drop across the carbon filter is often an indication of when the filter should be replaced.
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Vacuum System
Vacuum systems commonly utilize three pumping devices: the rotating mechanical pump, diffusion pump and cold trap. In addition to other system components, such as valves and baffles (control the action of pumps).
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Mechanical Pump

Rotating pumps have large gas handling capacities, but cannot achieve high vacuum (resulting pressure about 10-2 torr.

Mechanical pumps remove the bulk "rough" of the air from a system which is initially at atmospheric pressure, and, once this is accomplished it "backs" the diffusion pump, since a diffusion pump cannot exhaust against atmospheric pressure.
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Diffusion Pump
Reduces system pressure to 10-7 torr

A diffusion pump has a maximum pressure against which it can exhaust. The mechanical pump provides this exhaust pressure for the diffusion pump.

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Principle of operation
Fast pumping action is achieved through the use of high speed jets of oil vapor which collide with gas molecules and compress them in the direction of the mechanical pump.
The oil pool at the bottom of the pump is heated causing oil vapor to be forced up the jet stack. The vapor is projected through nozzles and accelerated to a velocity close that of sound. The oil molecules condense on the walls of the pump which are cooled either by an air stream or by water, and flow back to the bottom pool.
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Water cooled baffle and cold trap

A small amount of oil "back streamed oil" escape toward the Hi-Vac area of the system. This oil is detrimental to the system and need to be contained by the use a water-cooled baffle located between the diffusion pump and the cold trap.
Most back-streamed diffusion pump oil molecules are condensed on the internal water-cooled baffle disc and returned to the diffusion pump in the form of liquid oil. The baffle helps keep the refrigerated surface of the cold trap operating at maximum efficiency.
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Water cooled baffle and cold trap (contd)

The cold trap prevents oil vapor from the diffusion pump from diffusing back, or "backstreaming", into the system.
The reduces also the pressure by condensing vapors onto its cold surfaces. By removing "condensables" such as water vapor, a trap actually serves as a pump. The trap pressure reaches less than one millitorr when most of the condensable vapors have been pumped out of the system by the mechanical and diffusion pumps.
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First stage

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CLOSED valves (dark) and OPEN valves (light). The regions with a darker shade are at a higher pressure.

Second stage

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CLOSED valves (dark) and OPEN valves (light). The regions with a darker shade are at a higher pressure.

Third stage

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CLOSED valves (dark) and OPEN valves (light). The regions with a darker shade are at a higher pressure.

Distribution Systems for Medical Gases

Distribution systems are used for internal clinic transfer of medical gases and vacuum from the plants to the terminal units. Special copper pipes are used as copper has many good qualities: Corrosion resistance Neutral with respect to medical gases Bactericidal and fungicidal effects Ease of handling (combining technique and installation Great operational safety and durability
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Terminal Units
Terminal units permit the supply of medical equipment with medical gases and vacuum from the central gas supply system. They are suitable for installation in walls, wall lights, energy panel systems and supply units and they can be used in the medical areas.

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Area Control Unit

Area control units serve as a shut-off device as well as control monitor for medical gases and they are integrated in the functional areas of the hospital.

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Thats all folks

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