Galileo Thermometer

Overview
Introduction Materials Results

and methods

and Discussion

Conclusion Recommendations

Introduction
Thermometer Sealed

What is a Galileo Thermometer?

devised by Galileo Galilei.

glass cylinder with liquids of different densities. reliant thermometer

Density

The hypothesis?
Difference

in densities of different fluids will be observed. using different sugar concentrations.

Calibration

Experiment
Principle

The theory behind it?

of Buoyancy. - Heavier than water Sink - Lighter than water Float using different sugar solutions. - Different concentration. (20 80%) - Markings are made at the settled point.

Calibration

Experiment

conducted at room temperature.

Experiment
To

What are the objectives?

make use of the already calibrated density meter to identify the densities of different drinks, in relation with the sugar concentration.

To

create a simple experiment setup that is easy to build with common and lowcost materials, so that it can be practical to apply in the industry.

Materials
2

litre jug 3 different brands of orange juice Sugar 3 different types of carbonated drinks (Coke, Coke Light, Pepsi) 12 small plastic containers Water Marker

Apparatus
Weighing

scale Measuring cup Ruler Beakers Spoons

Method
1. Fill up the jug with water. 2. Drop in the containers containing the sugar solutions. 3. Wait for the containers to separate out before marking down the heights. 4. Remove these containers and replace with the containers containing the different orange juices. 5. Mark down and record results. 6. Repeat step 4 and 5 with the carbonated drinks.

Methods

Modifications made during the experiment.

Instead of using containers, we used small plastic bags instead.

Results
In

the first experiment plastic containers were used to hold the fluids. The results for the first experiment were that all the fluids tested floated, because of trapped air. Plastic bags were used in the next experiment to hold the fluids.

Results
Density

of tap water at room temperature (25)0.99823 g/cm3 . Tap water with 10% and 20% sugar concentration floats. Tap water with 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of sugar concentration sinks. Pepsi, Coke and Coke Light floats Minute Maid, Sunkist and Peel Fresh floats

Fluid used
10%,

Density

20% sugar concentration 30- 80% of sugar concentration Pepsi, Coke and Coke Light Minute Maid, Sunkist and Peel Fresh

<0.99823 g/ >0.99823 g/ <0.99823 g/ <0.99823 g/

Discussion

The results show that adding sugar will cause the fluid to sink. This will increase the density The results only partly supported the theory. Plastic bags with 10% and 20% sugar concentration floated 30% concentration had enough increase in density to sink. Hence, there were other factors that affected the experiment.

Discussion
Small

amounts air was trapped in the plastic bags after it was sealed. Air is approximately 1000 times lighter than water. Slightest amount of air will affect the results significantly. Therefore, plastic bags that contains air floats even though the fluid inside is denser than water.

Discussion
All

three types of cola floated at the highest level. Due to the high carbon dioxide content in the cola. The density of carbon dioxide gas is extremely low when compared with water.

Discussion
The

plastic bags either floated to the top or sunk to the bottom, but not in between. Attempts to change the ratio of air and fluids also failed. Amount of water used was insufficient to provide a large difference in depth The way of adjusting the air and fluid ratio was not accurate enough.

Discussion
The

equipment used was responsible for inaccurate and imprecise results. The plastic bags, resulted in imprecise fluid to air ratio for calibration. Using the container would result in an inaccurate reading because of remaining air.

Discussion
The

weight of the substances dissolved in water directly affected its density. Used and find the approximate amount of dissolved substances in water. Serves as more visual way to represent different densities. More aesthetically pleasing for use with foods involving fluids.

Discussion
Temperature

of the liquids

Different temperature = different densities

Pressure

Different amount of pressure applied would caused the liquids to have different density level

Conclusion
Not

successful

Could not find out the density level of the different liquids Experimental errors

Recommendations

The liquids used should be placed in air-tight plastic bags. The temperature of liquids used should be the at room temperature. A thermometer can be used to monitor the liquids temperature. A larger container or jar should be used to carry out the experiment.

Recommendations
The

liquids used should be shake slightly so as to make sure the contents that are in the liquids are mixed evenly. force or pressure should be given.

Equal

References
Armand, D. n.d.. Pouring water. [image online] Available at: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/waterpouring-into-a-glass-jug-stock-graphic/144937734 [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013]. Mind Million. 2010. Money. [image online] Available at: http://mindmillion.com/MONEY/cartoon_money_dollar.htm [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013]. Unknown. 2009. Galileo Thermometer. [image online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_Thermometer_24_d egrees.jpg [Accessed: 7 Aug 2013]. Unknown. 2011. Glass Vessels. [image online] Available at: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glask%C3%B6rper_ Galileo_Thermometer.jpg [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013].

References
Unknown. 2008. Galileo Galilei. [image online] Available at: http://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg [Accessed: 7 Aug 2013]. Unknown. n.d.. Soft Drinks. [image online] Available at: http://willblogforfood.typepad.com/will_blog_for_food/food_ and_drink/ [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013]. Unknown. 2009. Little Scientist. [image online] Available at: http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/little%20scientist_40087. [Accessed : 10 Aug 2013] Unknown. n.d.. Pencils. [image online] Available at: http://www.vanevanfuller.com/links.php?54833#.UgX64W0TX TE [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013]. Unknown. n.d.. Cartoon Beakers. [image online] Available at: http://chapters.redcross.org/ca/norcal/images/donor/image 7.gif [Accessed: 10 Aug 2013].

References
Accuracy VS Precision [online], 2012. Available from:http://www.diffen.com/difference/Accuracy_vs_Precision[Accessed 11 August 2013] CSG, Computer Support Group, Inc. and CSGNetwork.Com, 2013. General Water Information [online] Available from http://www.csgnetwork.com/waterinformation.html [Accessed 10 August 2013] Wikipedia, 2013. Density of air [online] Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_air [Accessed 10 August 2013]