* Purpose

in order to, in order that, so as to, so that, so, to, lest

Finite clauses Im going early, so that I can find a good seat. She wears glasses, in order that she watches it easily. Im going early, so I dont have to stand in a queue. He spoke in whisper, lest the servants should hear him. Everything is done on a shoestring, so their prices are very low. Non-finite clauses You have two ears and two eyes so as to hear more and to see more. The children sleep together to keep warm. He practiced hard in order to win the race. You have only one mouth so as not to talk much.

* Reason/ Cause
because, since, as, in case, just incase, seeing that, now that, in that, inasmuch as, insofar as, to the extent that.
USAGE
Common cause Future cause Formal cause

MAIN CLAUSE

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

I couldnt feel anger against him because I like him too much. I'm not sure where we are in math, as I've been absent for the last week. They were allowed to play in the park since it was still light. Sam had consented to take an overcoat in case the wind rose. Take your umbrella, just in case it may rain. Seeing that you're an old friend, I'll give you a special price. She can afford a decent car now that she's working. "This was an idle and unpractical question, inasmuch as the answer was not forthcoming." (HENRY JAMES Confidence) We are traditional insofar as we do traditional sketches, but we try and do them about original ideas.

* Concession
although, though, while, even though, even if, much as, whereas, despite, except that, not that, whilst, not that, in spite of
USAGE
Contrast

EXAMPLES
Although the children were sleepy, they kept watching the movie. Though she served as president of the student government in her senior year, she was attracted to journalism rather than politics. He didn't receive any special treatment, even though he is a close friend of the chairman. While I admire your tenacity, I cannot support your aims. She was saving money, whereas you were living in the fast lane. I won't go except that the weather improves. Whilst liking cats, he never let them come to his home. Despite working hard, he failed the exams. Although fond of Gregory, she did not love him. Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humor. Inversion in though-clause. Though he was tired, he insisted on coming to the meeting. Though tired he was, he insisted on coming to the meeting. I had to accept the fact, though it was importable. I had to accept the fact, though importable it was.

Exception Nonfinite

Notes

* Place
where, wherever, everywhere
USAGE Replacement of an adjunct EXAMPLES He said he was happy where he was. (e.g. at his home) He left it where it lay. (e.g. on the chair) Where Kate had stood last night, Maureen now stood. Everywhere I went, people were angry or suspicious. Wherever I looked, I fond patterns.

Where/ wherever + adjective

Send food and medicine to where necessary. Set up the tents wherever possible.

* Manner
as, like, the way, as if, as though, just as, much as
USAGE EXAMPLES

treatment

To ski like she does requires great athletic ability Butch hops out of the car like it was on fire. Did everything go as planned? Her attitude to life was very practical, as her mother's had been. I was never allowed to do things the way I wanted to do them. We have to make it work in the way that we want it to. Surely you dont intend to live by yourself like she does. Joyce looked at her the way a lot of girls did. It swims above the sea floor just as its ancestors did. As much as I'd like to join you, I'm afraid I can't. as if/ though + past (hypothesis/ assumption) He hold his head forwards as if he had hit it too often on low doorways. She treats him as though he was her own son. He behaved as though it was nothing ashamed. She felt as if she had a fever. His hair looked as if it had been combed by his fingers.

comparison

NOTES

* Time
when, whenever, while, as soon as, after, since, as, before, until
FINITE CLAUSES
(verb is in particular tenses)

NON-FINITE CLAUSES
(verb is not in particular tenses) - Ing/ - ed/ prepositional/ adjective phrase

I often read a book when I am traveling by train. When the hospital is finished, it will be opened by the Prime Minister. When Youre in Paris, you should visit the Louvre. You should take exercise whenever it is possible.

I often read a book when traveling by train. When finished, the hospital will be opened by the Prime Minister. When in Paris, you should visit the Louvre. You should take exercise whenever possible.

* Place
where, anywhere, wherever, everywhere
FINITE CLAUSES Everywhere I went, people were angry or suspicious. In Bali, wherever you go, you come across ceremonies. He said he was happy where he was. Every place we went, we saw a fast food restaurant. NON-FINITE CLAUSES Help must be given wherever possible. He follows me everywhere interesting. Tell me your trouble wherever necessary.

* Manner, Distance, and Frequency Clauses

as + adverb + as, as, as if, as though, like, as, much as, just as
FINITE CLAUSES NON-FINITE CLAUSES

I don't know why he behaves as he does. She treats him as though he was her own son. She looks as if she was crying. He drives as carefully as his father does. They are endeavoring to disguise this fact much as the former President did. You can get there just as cheaply by air as by train.

As if to remind him, the church clock struck eleven. He ran off to the house as if escaping. He shook his head as though dazzled by his own vision. He shivered as though with cold. One must row steadily onwards as if intent on ones business.

* Reason
because, as, since, in case, just in case, inasmuch as, insofar as
He was a very unusual musician inasmuch as he was totally deaf. Youd better take the keys in case Im out. You probably wont need to call - but take my number, just in case. Seeing that hes been off sick all week hes unlikely to come. Now that you mention it, she did seem to be in a strange mood. I believed her - for surely she would not lie to me. Just because I dont complain, people think Im satisfied. She may need some help as shes new.

* Result
so that, so + adjective/ adverb + that such a(n) + noun phrase + that so + much/ many/ few/ little + noun phrase + that
She was so tired (that) she couldnt think straight. Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. The library is such a big place that I couldn't find the book I need. There is so much noise in the dormitory that I can't study there.

* Contrast
while, whereas
Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not. While Toms very good at science, his brother is absolutely hopeless. While I admire your tenacity, I cannot support your aims. She was saving money, whereas you were living in the fast lane.