Material Technology

Asphalt
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Asphalts origin and manufacturer

Binding agent produced from coal (coal tars, pitches, etc.,) Produced from crude oil Asphalt Cement: a dark brown or black colored bituminous materials used for hotmix asphalt

Asphalt is viscous materials, means that exhibits both viscous and elastic behaviour
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Asphalts origin and manufacturer

Asphalt (Europe & North America) It is means a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregates, such as rolled asphalt, mastic asphalt, gussaphalt) Asphalt (North America) is bitumen

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

Asphaltic Base Crude Oil

Basic Type of Petroleum

Paraffin Base Crude Oil

Mixed Base Crude Oil

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Distillation Process

Distillation of petroleum is Fractional Produce by Physical Process

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

STRAIGHT RUN PROCESS
Overheating Chemical changes (Distillation process under controlled)

TWO STEPS OF PRODUCT PROCESS

Pumping process (crude oil to tube heater) Distillation process

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Atmospheric pressure distillation

atmospheric pressure

Series of traps to catch distillates Naphtha To further distilling and cracking processes Gasoline Decreasing temperature
From storage 5000F high pressure Hot topped crude (atmospheric residuum) Still tube heater Level control of distillate Path of Gas

Kerosene

Diesel Oil

Schematic Cross Section of distillate trap

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Vacuum steam distillation

Partial Vacuum

Series of traps to catch distillates

Light vacuum distillate

Non volatile oils

Hot top crude

5000F high pressure

Heavy vacuum distillate

steam
Still tube heater

Asphalt cement
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The fractions of Petroleum

Fraction
Light Distillate Medium Distillate Heavy Distillate Very Heavy Distillate Residue

Product Type
Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Oil Lubricating Oil Asphalt

Boiling Point (0F)

100 400 350 575 425 700 > 650

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Chemical composition

Structure:

High molecular-weight hydrocarbon CnH2+bXd (X = sulfur, Ni, O, trace-metal) (n = 25 150 atoms)

Composition(%):

Carbon 80 87 Nitrogen 9 -11 Oxygen 2 8

Nitrogen 0 - 1 Sulfur 0.5 7 Trace metal 0 0.5

Affecting: boiling point, solubility, viscosity

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Molecular composition

ALIPHATIC:
Paraffin carbon atom linked in straight or brain chains

NAPTHENIC:
Carbon atom are linked in simple-complex (condensed) saturated rings

AROMATIC:
Carbon atom are linked in especially stable benzene rings

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Physical structure
ASPHALTHENES
100%

OILS

100%

100%

RESINS

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Constituent of A. C.
Phase
Dispersion Dispersed

Component C/H Ratio

Oils Asphalthenes < 0.4 > 0.8

Contribution
Viscosity & Fluidity Strength & Stiffness

Interfacial

Resins

-- 0.6

Adhesion & Ductility

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SOL TYPE
Asphalthenes are fully separated Viscous fluid

SOL-GEL TYPE
Still bound, but not closely Elastic when load applied In nature visco-elastic

GEL TYPE
Asphalthenes are discrete Strongly bound in 3 D

No elasticity

Elastic, in-elastic, permanent deformation

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Properties of Asphalt:
Function of: (Temperature; Chemical Nature; Volume of Constituent)

Temperature

increased
More

decreased
Less

glass transition
Frozen Rigid

dissolve in

soluble

resin
Micelle More

dissolve in oils Less viscous

bound in ordered structure

More

Brittle

viscous

Visco-elastic

solid

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LIQUID ASPHALT

Cutback asphalt
Cutback Asphalt are produced by blending as asphalt cement with a hydrocarbon solvent Classified as based on curing phase:

RC = rapid curing (asphalt mixed with gasoline); MC = medium curing; (asphalt mixed with kerosene) SC = slow curing (asphalt mixed with diesel oil)

Grade range estimated based on viscosity) and types:

RC range: RC 70 (70-100); RC 250 (200-300); RC 800 (800-1000); RC 3000 (3000-4000) MC range: MC 30 (30-40); MC 70 (70-140); MC 250 (200-500); MC 3000 (2000-6000) SC range: SC 70 (70-140); SC 250 (250-500); SC 800 (800-1600); MC 3000 (2000-6000)

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Cutback ASPHALT
Type Slow Curing (SC) Base Asphalt Cement Low viscosity High penetration Medium viscosity Medium penetration High viscosity Low penetration Solvent DIESEL FUEL Solvent Concentration (% volume) 0 - 50

Medium Curing (MC)

KEROSENE

15 45

Rapid Curing (RC)

NAPTHA/Gasoline

15 45

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LIQUID ASPHALT

Emulsified asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt are produced by breaking asphalt cement into very fine droplets or particles and dispersing these in a mixture of water and a surface active emulsifying agent.

Two type of emulsified asphalt: anionic and cationic Classified based on setting time:

Anionic Emulsified Asphalt:

RS = rapid setting: RS1; RS2 MS = medium settingMS2 SS= slow settingSS1; SS2

Cationic Emulsifed Asphalt:

RS ; RS-2K; RS-3K MS ; SM-K; CM; K SS ; SS K; SS-Kk

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Specification for Asphalt Cement

Penetration Grade
Test 40 - 50 Min Penetration test at 250C 100 gram, 5 sec Flash point 0F (Cleveland Open cup) Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, cm Solubility in trichloroethylene, % Retained penetration after thin film oven test, % Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, after thin film oven test 40 450 100 99.0 55+ _ Max 50 60 - 70 Min 60 450 100 99.0 52+ 50 Max 70 85 - 100 Min 85 450 100 99.0 47+ 75 Max 100 120 - 150 Min 120 425 100 99.0 42+ 100 Max 150 200 300 Min 200 350 100* 99.0 37+ 100* Max 300 -

Source: ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement for use in Pavement Construction

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Method of Testing

Penetration Specific Gravity Ductility Viscosity Flash Point Softening Point

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Penetration

To measure the hardness or softness of a bitumen material under a given set of condition The consistency test used to designate grade of asphalt cement Results (common used):
Pen 40 - 50 60 - 70 85 - 100 120 - 150 200 - 300

Test Reference: ASTM D5

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Penetration
D

100 gram

Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C

Load of 100 gram is applied for 5 second at 770F or 250 C D = penetration in units of 0.1 mm
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Specific Gravity
Reference: ASTM D70 (specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials)

Procedures:

The sample is heated until it can be poured The material is placed in a pycnometer The asphalt volume is determined by taking the difference between total vol of the bottle and the volume of water required to complete the filling

Specific Gravity =

(C A) (C A) (D C)

A=weight of pycnometer B = weight of pycnometer filled w water C= weight of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt D= weight of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water

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Ductility
Reference: ASTM D113 (Ductility of Bituminous Materials)

Procedures:

The two ends of briquette specimen are pulled apart at a specified speed and temperature in a liquid medium The ductility is measured by the distance to which it will elongated before breaking. Temperature test is 250C, elongation rate is 5 cm/minute

Total elongation is average at max 200 cm

The objective of test are: -adhesiveness; and elasticity of asphalt
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Ductility Machine

Gaya Tarik Gaya Tarik

Media Cairan alkohol atau cairan garam

Benang Aspal

Klem

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Ductility Test Result

Panjang Sampel

P kg

P kg

P kg

P kg

Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan

Daerah Putus

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Ductility Affects

Adhession:

The ability to stick to aggregate particles in the pavement Refer to the molecular force that exists in the area of contact between unlike bodies

Cohesion:

The ability to hold the particles firmly in place The molecular force that acts to unite the particles (cohesive organization)

Ductile material has an excellent adhesive and cohesive properties

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Softening Point

Transition between solid to liquid

The higher the softening point, the less the temperature susceptibility

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Softening Point
Reference: ASTM D 36 66T (test for softening point of Asphalts and Tar Pitches

RING and BALL method

Heat is applied to raise temperature from 410 F at a rate of 90 F/min The temperature is read from a thermometer at the instant the asphalt sample touches the bottom of a reference plate The temperature different between two balls do not exceed than 0.50 F

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Softening Point - temperature

asphalt asphalt

heat

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Durability

Defined as the property that permits a pavement materials to withstand the detrimental effects of moisture, air and temperature. Affected by i.e., mix design; properties of aggregate; properties of asphalt; and workmanships. Method of test: -the thin film oven (ASTM D 1754); the rolling thin-film oven test (ASTM D 2872)

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Durability

Oxidation:

The chemical reaction which takes place when asphalt is exposed to the oxygen in air It affect the hydrogen in the asphalt combines with oxygen in the air and is removed as water molecules. The loss of hydrogen increases the carbon/hydrogen ration, increases the hardness of materials and loss of ductility and adhesion.

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Durability

Volatilization

Affected by temperature The process by which lighter hydrocarbons evaporates from the asphalt Causes loss of plasticity in asphalt The rate of oxidation and volatilization almost double for each 100C rise in temperature

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Solubility
Test reference ASTM D 4-52

To determine the amount of cementing agencies present This is useful for native asphalt To determine the amount of bitumen insoluble in naptha

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Flash Point

The flash point test are used to determine the temperature to which asphalt materials may be safely heated. The flash point is the heating temperature at which the vapor pressure is high enough to give off sufficient hydrocarbon vapors to form an explosive mixture with air when contacted with open flame.

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Flash Point temperature

thermometer

Asphalt sample

gas
heat

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Temperature Susceptibility

Asphalt will become harder (more viscous) with decrease in temperature and softer (less viscous) with increase in temperature.

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Asphalt B Viscosity

A and B are of identical viscosity grade

Asphalt A

Temperature

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NATURAL ASPHALT

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Types of Asphalts binders origin and manufacturer

Lake Asphalts Rock Asphalt TAR

Bitumen

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Lake Asphalts

Known as NATURAL Asphalt Found in well defined surface deposits, such as located in Trinidad (discover by Sir Walter Raleigh 1595) Found in Venezuela, called as Bermuda Asphalt

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Lake Asphalts
Trinidad Lake Asphalt

The lake is approximately 35 hectare and 90 meter deep, containing about 15 million ton of material. Assume as originated as a surface seepage of a viscous bitumen in lake Miocene times. Lowering of the earths surface led to an incursion of the sea and as a result deposited silt and clay over the bitumen. Part of silt and clay penetrated the bitumen, forming a plastic mixture of silt, clay, water and bitumen. Subsequently the land was elevated above sea level, lateral pressure deforming the material into its present shape of a pseudo-laccolite. Erosion remove the silt and clay covering exposing the surface of the lake.
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Lake Asphalts
Trinidad Asphalt

the composition

30 percent water and gas 40 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide) 30 percent mineral matter

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Lake Asphalts
Crude Trinidad Asphalt

the characteristics

Penetration at 770 F is range 1,5 4,0 Ductility at 770 F is 3 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 57 57 percent

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Lake Asphalts
Bermuda Lake Asphalt

The lake is approximately 445 hectare and 0,5 2,4 meter deep Containing the largest deposits (volume still unknown). Exuded ages ago through faults in the underlying rock strata To remove the asphalts a dam is built of slag and waste and the water is pumped out, asphalt is dig out by hand and loaded into small cars. The water is not thoroughly mixed with the asphalt.

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Lake Asphalts
Bermuda Asphalt

the composition

60 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide) 3 percent insoluble non-mineral matter 2 percent mineral matter 30 percent water

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Lake Asphalts
Crude Bermuda Asphalt

the characteristics

Penetration at 770 F, is range 20 30 Ductility at 770 F is 11 Non-uniformity is Nature Solubility in carbon disulfide is 92 97 percent

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Rock Asphalt

origin and manufacturer

Formed by the impregnation of calcareous rocks (limestone; sandstones) with seepage of natural bitumen. The product can be mined (quarried) and contain approx. 12% mass bitumen Asphalt content on the rock vary to a approx. 20%

Used as a mixture of the asphalt and the rock that contains it

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Rock Asphalt
The advantages:

origin and manufacturer

It produces a non skid surface (often used as an antiskid surfacing material) It is uniform in quality It is uniform in appearance

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Rock Asphalt
The disadvantages:

origin and manufacturer

it sandy characteristic causes it to wear off easily and thus shorten its life cycle) It is comparatively expensive (available only in a limited location

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Rock Asphalt

other types

Gilsonite: The deposit was found in Salt Lake City UTAH USA Found by S.H. Gilson Found in veins, more or less vertical and varying in width from a fraction of an inch to 18 ft Commonly known as ASPHALTITES (asphalt which has a high softening point) The color is not reflecting the hardness of asphalt, generally color is relatively light

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