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Review
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level. These same electrons are involved in the formation of chemical bonds between two atoms
Electron-Dot Structures
From Chapter 6
Ionization energy refers to how easily an atom loses an electron.
Noble gases, having high ionization energies, show a general lack of chemical reactivity The difference in reactivity is directly related to the valence electrons
Elements tend to react to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas (V.E. 8)
From Ch 6
Electronegativity ability to attract e- in a chemical bond. The greater electronegativity difference as that b/w a metal and a nonmetal = Ionic Bond Ionic Bond Eneg difference above 1.7
** Elements farther from each other Refer to table pg 169 of textbook
Transition Metals
When forming positive ions, transition metals commonly lose their valence electrons, forming 2+ ions.
However, it is also possible for d electrons to be lost
A useful rule of thumb for these metals is that they form ions with a 2+ or 3+ charge.
Checkpoint
Why do ions form? Describe the formation of positive and negative ions. Predict the change that must occur to achieve noble gas stability
Nitrogen Sulfur Barium Lithium
Answers
Atoms gain stability by losing or gaining electrons Positive ions form when atoms lose valence electrons
Negative ions form when valence electrons are added to an atom
Nitrogen- gain 3 electrons (N3-) Sulfur- gain 2 electrons (S2-) Barium- lose 2 electrons (Ba2+) Lithium- lose 1 electron (Li1+)
CW
P.214 #1-5 P.236 #47-50, 60-66
Homework
P.220 #12-18 P.236 #53,67-73 Lattice structure of various elements and compounds Diamond lattice structure vs Graphite
Section 8.3
Write the correct formula for the ionic compound composed of the following pairs of ions
1. 2. 3. 4.
Potassium and iodine Magnesium and chlorine Aluminum and bromide Cesium and nitride
Answers
1. Potassium and iodine K+1 and I-1 KI (1:1 ratio) 2. Magnesium and chlorine Mg+2 and Cl-1 MgCl2 (1:2 ratio) 3. Aluminum and bromide Al+3 and Br-1 AlBr3 (1:3 ratio) 4. Cesium and nitride Cs+1 and N-3 Cs3N (3:1 ratio)
Practice Problems
Calcium and Nitrate Aluminum and Hydroxide Barium and Sulfate Sodium and Phosphate Potassium and Sulfate
Chlorines 4 Oxyanions
ClO4- perchlorate (most oxygen's)
ClO3- chlorate (one less oxygen) ClO2- chlorite (two fewer oxygen's) ClO- hypochlorite (three fewer oxygen's)
4. Transition metals (d-block cations) often have more than one oxidation number. The oxidation number is written as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name of the cation 5. If the compound contains a polyatomic ion, simply name the ion.
Practice problems
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. NaBr CaCl2 KOH Cu(NO3)2 Ag2CrO4
Cation + Anion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. NaBr sodium bromide CaCl2 calcium chloride KOH potassium hydroxide Cu(NO3)2 copper (II) nitrate Ag2CrO4 silver chromate
Section Review
Anion Oxide Cation Potassium Chloride Sulfate Phosphate
Barium
Aluminum Ammonium
Answers
Anion Cation
Potassium Barium Aluminum Ammonium Oxide Chloride Sulfate Phosphate
Homework
P.227 #35-36,38-39 P.237 #74-79
The electrons present in the outer energy levels of the bonding metallic ions are not held by any specific atom and can move easily from one atom to the next. (Delocalized electrons) A metallic bond is the attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons
Metal Characteristics
Moderately high melting points but high boiling points
vary greatly but not as extreme as boiling point
Metal Alloys
A mixture of elements that has metallic properties
Substitutional- atoms of the original metallic solid are replaced by other metal atoms of similar size Brass, pewter, 10-carat gold, and sterling silver Interstitial- formed when small holes in a metallic crystal are filled with smaller atoms Carbon steel
Alloys
10 carat gold:
10 part gold + 14 part alloy of copper & Ag
Homework
P.237 #80-82,84
Bibliography
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi a/commons/9/95/Brass.jpg Clear Science
http://clearscience.tumblr.com/post/628 686089/steel-is-not-an-element-ratherit-is-the